1、Chapter2Phonetics DefinitiontophoneticsPhoneticsisthescientificstudyofthecharacteristicsofhumanspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription classificationandtranscriptionornotation 2 1Threebranchesofphonetics Thespeechsoundcanbestudiedinthreedifferentways thusinphoneticstherearethreemainbranche
2、s articulatoryphonetics 发音语音学 acousticphonetics 声学语音学 andauditoryphonetics 听觉语音学 2 2TheorgansofspeechSpeechsoundsareproducedbytheorgansofspeech Thespeechorgansarecontainedinthreeareasofthebody thechest thethroatandthehead 2 3EnglishspeechsoundsEnglishspeechsoundsincludetwocategories vowelsandconsona
3、nts Vowels 元音 arethespeechsoundsproducedwithoutanyobstructionoftheairstreams Thepassageofairiscontinuousandfrictionless Thereare21Englishvowels 13monophthongs purevowels单元音 and8diphthongs combinedvowels复合元音 Consonants 辅音 arespeechsoundswithsomeobstructionoftheairstreamsThereare22consonantsinall whic
4、hcanbeclassifiedintovoicedsoundsandvoicelesssounds Whenthevocalcordsvibrate thesoundproducedisavoicedsound 浊辅音 Whenthevocalcordsdonotvibrate thesoundproducedisavoicelesssound 清辅音 2 4phoneme 音位 phonemeisaphonologicalunit thesmallestandabstractcollectionofphoneticfeatureswhichcandistinguishmeanings Fo
5、rexamplepit bit differingonlyintheinitialsound pet pit differingonlyinthevowel 音位的变化规律具有一定的语法功能如 s 这个音位 1 表示所有格 Deb scamera 2 表示三单 DebspeaksEnglish 3 表复数 twobooks 音位 s 在不同的语言环境里 会产生一定的音位和词形变化 freevariations 1 在清辅音后念 s lips thinks 2 在浊辅音及原音后念 z dogs 3 在摩擦音后念 iz closes watches Phonemicstylisticfeature
6、sisparticularlyevidentinthepoetryIcame Isaw Iconquered ai and k 两个音位重复出现三次 有强烈的感染力 2 5Stress 重音 Stressisthedegreeofloudnessgiventosomephonemes 1 强调某个单词或是某种涵义 Isawhim asopposedtoyousawhim I sawhim asopposedtoheardhim Isaw him asopposedtoIsawher 2 区别拼写相同或发音相同而意思不同的单词的重要手段im portv importn billown be lo
7、wprep 3 表示惊讶 愤怒 恐惧 喜悦等情感和态度 Really Bill and Jane nd 表示惊讶 怀疑 2 6Pause 停顿 Appropriatepausecanincreasetheconcentrationofsentencesentiment Pausecanbedividedintostructuralpauseandemotionalpause Mainfunctions First reflectingthementalstateofthinkingorhesitating Second creatingsuspenseandheighteningtheatmo
8、sphere voicedpause m m 等音就是常见的有声停顿silentpause句末停顿IlikeEnglish 从句末尾的停顿Whenhecomes Iwilltellhim 词尾的停顿asarule 两词之间交界处的停顿aname therefore thedifferentformsofpauseshavedifferentstyles Eveningmustushernight 3nighturgethemorrow 2monthfollowmonthwithwoe 3andyearwakeyeartosorrow 3 Shelley Adonais 2 7Tempo 语速
9、Englishtempo excepttheregularspeed isdividedintosevenmainforms respectively toreflecttheterritoryofthetwolanguagesituation 1 themonosyllabic 单音节 wordi clippedsyllables 紧张的快速音节 freshnewlemon le 是一个快速音节 ii drawledsyllables 松弛的延长发音的慢速音节 ofalltheJapanesevisitors a 即是一个延长发音时间的慢速音节 iii heldsyllables 松弛的迟缓发音的慢速音节 thehouse h 即是一个迟缓发音的慢速音节 2 polysyllabic 多音节 phrasesandsentencesi 快速和特快速ii 慢速和特慢速iii 渐快速iiii 减慢速forexampleWhydidn tyoutellmeaboutthatyesterday It stoolatenow 快速说出表示生气和批评 慢速则表示失望和痛苦 ThankYou
