1、英语语言学试题（ 9）语言学试题及参考答案I. Directions : Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2% 10=20%)1. Linguistics is the scientific study of _.A. a particular languageB. the English langu
2、ageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language2. The consonant f in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: _.A. voiceless, bilabial, stopB. voiceless, labiodental, fricativeC. voiced, bilabial, stopD. voiced, labiodental, fricative3. The
3、re are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ed in the word learned is known as a(n) _.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. In the phrase structure rule S NP VP, the arrow can be read as_.A. is equal toB. consists ofC. hasD. generates5. I bought
4、 some roses _ I bought some flowers. A. entails B. presupposesC. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with6. Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. r
5、elationD. manner7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers ofthe language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammaticalrules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemes D. utterances8. In a speech community people have something in common
6、 _a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically9. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people? _.A. language and speechB. visual and spatial skillsC.
7、reading and writingD. analytic reasoning10. In general, the _ stage begins roughly in the second half of the childs second year.A. babblingB. one-wordC. two-wordD. multiword. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, thefirst letter of which is already given as
8、 a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only,and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%10=10%)11. As the firststepof theirscientificinvestigationof language,linguistshavetoobserve and collect linguistic fbefore they can do anything else.12. Phonological rules that govern the comb
9、ination of sounds in a particular languageare called srules.13. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is called a f_ morpheme.14. A c sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as and, but, or.15.The studyof thelinguistic meaningof words,phrases,andsenten
10、cesiscalleds.16. Inmaking conversation, thegeneral principle that all participants are expectedtoobserve is called the Cprinciple proposed by J. Grice.17.In additionto socialchanges,oneof themostpervasivesourcesoflanguagechange seems to be the continual process of cultural tacross generations.18.Lan
11、guageitselfisnotsexist,butits usemayreflectthe sattitudeconnoted in the language that is sexist.19.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we mayregardthoughtassspeech,andspeechasovert thought. Insuchacase,speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.20.Iis the
12、language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a Tfor true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement isfalse , you must explain why you think so and give the correc
13、t version. (2%10=20%)21.() Animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the writtenform of language and encourage people to imitate the best authors for language usage.22. () In classifying the English con
14、sonants and vowels, the same criteria can beapplied.23. () Wecan alwaystell by the wordsa compoundcontainswhatit meansbecause the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts.24.() Phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentences with infinite length, du
15、e to their recursive properites.25. () The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link betweena symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.26. () Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, whichplaces the study of meaning in the context in
16、which language is used, is often consideredas the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.27. () In first languageacquisitionchildrensgrammarmodelsexactlyafterthegrammar of adult language.28. () The sentences He crazy and He be sick all the time are both acceptablein BlackEnglishvernacu
17、larbecausecopuladeletionand habitualbe are two famousfeatures of Black English.29.()Speakersofdifferentlanguagesarecapableofdistinguishingandrecognizing experiences of the same objective world according to their respective differentlinguistic coding system.30. () Instruction and correction are key f
18、actors in child language development. . Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% 10=30%)31. synchronic linguistics32. displacement33. a minimal pair34. derivational affixes35. syntax36. language transfer37. hyponymy38. sentence meaning39. lingua franca
19、40. cerebral cortex. Answer the following questions. (10%2=20%)41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learners acquisition of a second language.参考答案一、单项选择题（
20、本大题共10 小题，每小题 2 分，共 20 分）1、C 2 、 B 3 、C 4 、B 5 、 A 6 、C 7 、C 8 、 B 9 、B 10 、C二、填空题（本大题共 10 小题，每小题 1 分，共 10 分）11 、 facts 12 、 sequential 13 、free 14 、 coordinate15、 semantics 16Cooperative 17 、 transmission 18 、social 19 、subvocal 20 、 Interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10 小题，每小题 2 分，共 20 分）、21 、（ T）22 、（F）As
21、there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.23 、（ F） We cannot always tell by
22、 the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.24 、（ T）25 、（F）The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and its referent, i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the interp
23、retation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.26 、（ T）27 、（ F） In first language acquisition childrens grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules f
24、romthe linguistic information they hear.28 、（ T）29 、（ T）30 、（ F） Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little consciousinstruction. Instruction
25、and correction just play a minor role.四、名词解释题（本大题共10 小题，每小题 3 分，共 30 分）31 、Linguistics that studies language at one particular point of time, e.g. thestudy of the kind of English used during Shakespeares time.32 、 Oneof the majordefiningfeaturesof humanlanguage.Humanlanguage is not restricted by the
26、 here and now as animal communication is;we can virtually talk about anything we want, including what happened in thepast,whatis goingto happenin the future,what is not existentin theimmediate surroundings and even what we imagine.33 、A pair of sound combinations which are identical in every way exc
27、eptone sound, e.g. /pit/ and /bit/.34 、Affixes added to an existing form to create a new word ,e.g. in-,-er 35、Syntaxis a subfieldof linguisticsthatstudiesthe sentencestructureoflanguage, and it consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences
28、.36 、Language transfer is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in their learning process.37 、Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more specific word and a more general, more inclusive word. The former is included in the latter. For example, a cat is a hypony
29、m of animal.38 、Sentence meaning refers to the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and decontextualized. For example, semantic analysis of the sentence meaning of The bag is heavy results in the one-place predication BAG (BEING HEAVY).39、A lingua franc
30、a is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon common tongue used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes
31、.40、 Cerebral cortex is the outside surface of the brain, the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions.Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic ski
32、lls, and musical ability, are believed to reside in thecortex.五、论述题（本大题共2 小题，每小题41 、 Sociologicaltriggersforlanguage10 分，共 change20 分）refertosuchradicalsocio-politicalchangesas wars,invasions,occupation,colonialization,andlanguageplanningandstandardizationpolicies.A typicalexamplein thehistoryof Eng
33、lishis theNormanConquest, a military event that marked thedawningof the MiddleEnglishperiod. ThismeansthatMiddleEnglishbeganwith thearrivalof the NormanFrenchinvadersinEnglish under William the Conqueror in 1066. And for about a century and a half after theNormanConquest,Frenchremainedasthe language
34、of therulingclass,as farasliterature and administration were concerned. So Middle English was deeply influenced byNorman French in vocabulary and grammar. For example, such terms as army, court,defense, faith, prison and tax came from the language of the French rulers.评分标准：满分10 分，其中定义占3 分，典型例子占5 分，例
35、词占2 分。42、 The four main individual learner factors that affect a learners L2 acquisition are: 1)age, 2) motivation, 3) acculturation, 4) personality.The optimal age for L2 acquisition is early teenage.Motivationrefersto the learnersoverallgoal ororientation. There aretwo typesofmotivation ： instrume
36、ntal motivation and integrative motivation. The former occurs when the learners goal is functional and the latter occurs when the learners goal is social.Acculturation is the process in which the learner adapts to the new culture of the L2community.Personality is also related to L2 learning. Adult learners who are extroverted learn more quickly and therefore are more successful than introverted learners.
