1、The Yamal - a Nuclear Powered IcebreakerThe Yamal is a nuclear powered ice breaker planned and started under construction in Soviet Era Russia. She is the youngest of five Arktika class ships built from the mid 1970s. Her keel was laid in 1986 in St. Petersburg, by the time she was launched in Octob
2、er 1992 communism had collapsed in Russia. Like many other Russian icebreakers, the Yamal is now chartered out on other operations, particularly for tourists to earn much need foreign currency. The original purpose of being used to keep northern navigational routes open during the winter, is now les
3、s important. For their size, the Arktika class ships are amongst the most powerful and sophisticated ever built.The name “Yamal“ means “End of the Earth“ it is also applied to the Yamal Peninsula for the same reason.Built entirely for service in the Arctic seas, the Yamal is unable to voyage to the
4、Antarctic because of her cooling system. This requires that it be supplied with cold sea water to operate properly, if the ship were to voyage to Antarctica it would have to cross the equator and sail through the tropics where the water is most definitely warm. Hence the Yamal and her sister ships a
5、re confined to the Northern polar region.The Yamal is one of the few ice breakers that have sailed to the North Pole having done so for a millennial cruise arriving in time for the 1st of January 2000 with a compliment of paying passengers.SpecificationsLength: 150m (136m at the waterline), Breadth:
6、 30m (28m at the waterline), Draft: 11.08m, Height: keel to mast head 55m. Displacement: 23,455 tonnes. Power is supplied by two pressurized water nuclear reactors, each contains 245 enriched uranium fuel rods. Each reactor weighs 160 tonnes and are in a closed compartment under reduced pressure - i
7、n the event of a leak, the leak would be in and not out. Maximum fuel use is 300g of heavy uranium isotopes per daywhen breaking thick ice. Reactors hold 500kg each when fully fuelled, enough for about 5 years. The reactors are shielded by steel, high density concrete and water.The nuclear chain rea
8、ction can be stopped in 0.6s by full insertion of the control rods. Radiation on the ship is monitored by 86 sensorsthroughout the vessel from within the reactor compartment to accommodation areas. The reactor cores are used to heat water up and produce pressurized steam at 30kgcm2. Each reactor has
9、 four boilers, each set of four boilers turn two steam turbines, which spin three dynamos each (confused yet?, thats 12 dynamos in total). The dynamos supply electric motors which are connected to the propeller shafts. Each motor can supply 25,000 shaft horse power to its screw of which there are th
10、ree. So in all, the ship can develop 75,000 shaft horse power or 55.3MW - enough electricity to supply a town of 18,750 homes Propellers are 5.7m diameter, fixed and weigh 50 tonnes each. Each has four 7 tonne blades, inspection wells allow them to be examined in operation, blades may be replaced at
11、 sea. Maximum speed: 22knots (40kmh), cruising speed 19.5 knots (35kmh) in calm open water. Ice 2.3m thick can be broken at 3 knots (5.5kmh). Maximum thickness of that can be penetrated is estimated at 5m, individual ridges of 9m have been broken. Steering can also be accomplished by directing the a
12、ir jets of the bubbling system (comparable to use of bow-thrusters). Air bubbling system to help ice breaking. Jets 9 m below the surface can deliver 24m3s of air. Polymer coatings, specialized hull design, and the rapid movement of ballast water (pumps can move 1m3(a tonne)of water per second) all
13、these help in moving through and breaking ice. Powerful lights are carried for operations in the dark of winter. The cast steel prow is 48cm thick at its strongest point, thats about the same as the diagonal measurement of a 19“ computer monitor. The stern region is cushioned to allow for the close
14、towing of other vessels when helping them through the ice. An helicopter is carried to help with navigation in ice and for tourist trips The hull is double with water ballast between the two. The outer hull is 48mm thick armoured steel where ice is met and 25mm elsewhere.10 x 10cm weighs 1.9kg10cm x
15、 10cm weighs 3.7kg亚马尔是根据施工计划，并开始在苏联时代俄罗斯核动力破冰船。她是最年轻的五个ARKTIKA 类从20世纪70年代中期建造的船舶。她于1986年铺设龙骨，在圣彼得堡，她在10月推出的1992年共产主义已经瘫倒在俄罗斯的时候。 像许多其他的俄罗斯破冰船，亚马尔现在包车其他操作，特别是对于游客能赚到多少需要外币。被用来保持北方航道在冬季开放的初衷，现在是不那么重要。其大小，ARKTIKA 的 类船舶之间的有史以来最强大和最先进的。“ 亚马尔 “ 的名称意味着“大地的尽头” ，它也被应用到 亚马尔半岛出于同样的原因。完全建立在北极海域的服务，亚马尔是因为她的冷却系统无
16、法航行到南极。这就要求它提供与冷海水的正常运行，如果船舶航行到南极那就要越过赤道航行通过热带地区，那里的水肯定是最温暖的。因此，亚马尔和她的姊妹船局限于北方极地。亚马尔是为数不多的这样做恭维付费乘客到达时间为2000年1月1日的世纪游轮航行到北极破冰船之一。产品规格长度：150M（在水线136米） ，宽度：30米（水线28米） ，吃水：11.08米，身高：龙骨到桅头55M。排水量：23,455吨。电源由两个加压水核反应堆，每个包含245浓缩铀燃料棒。每个反应器的重量为160吨，并在一个封闭的隔室在减压下-在发生泄漏时，泄漏和不出来。最大燃料使用的是300克重的铀同位素每天打破厚厚的冰。反应堆持
17、有500公斤每个加满油时，足够5年左右。反应堆屏蔽钢，高密度混凝土和水完全插入控制棒，核链式反应可以停在0.6秒。辐射对船舶进行监控整个容器内的反应堆舱住宿区由86个传感器。的反应器的核心是用于将水加热并产生加压蒸汽30kgcm 2。每个反应器有四台锅炉，每个组四台锅炉打开两个蒸汽涡轮机，旋转三个发电机（而感到困惑？，这是12个发电机总） 。供应发电机连接到螺旋桨轴的电动机， 每台电动机可以提供25000轴马力，它的螺丝有三个。所以， ，船舶可以开发75,000轴马力或55.3MW -足够的电力供应18,750家镇的螺旋桨5.7米的直径，固定和重量50吨，每个人都有四个7吨的叶片，检查井，让他
18、们进行审查操作，可更换刀片在海上。最大速度：22knots（40公里每小时） ，在平静的开放水域的巡航速度19.5节（35公里每小时） 。2.3M 厚冰可以打破在3节（5.5公里每小时） 。最大可以穿透厚度估计在5米，个别山脊为9m 已被打破。转向也可以通过引导空气射流的鼓泡系统（与使用的船头推进器） 。空气鼓泡系统，以帮助破冰。喷气机9米以下的表面可以提供24M 3 s 的空气。高分子涂料，专门的船体设计，以及快速运动的压舱水（泵可以移动3 米每秒的水（每吨）所有这些帮助移动通过破冰。强大的灯光 在黑暗的冬季进行的操作。铸钢船头48CM 厚的最强点，这是19“电脑显示器的对角线测量一样。船尾
19、地区软垫 允许关闭拖带其他船只时，帮助他们度过了冰。直升机进行 冰上航行的帮助和旅游人次 双船体是两者之间的压载水。 ，船体外层为48mm 厚的装甲钢冰满足和25mm 别处。10 x 10厘米重量1.9公斤10厘米 x 10厘米重量3.7千克The NS Yamal (Russian: ) is a Russian Arktika class nuclear-powered icebreaker operated by the Murmansk Shipping Company. It is named after the Yamal Peninsula in Northwest Siberi
20、a; the name means End of the Land in Nenets.Laid down in Leningrad in 1986, and launched in October 1992, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, it never filled its designed role of keeping shipping lanes open. It has always carried passengers on arctic excursions. Yamal took an excursion to the Nor
21、th Pole to celebrate the Millennium. Yamal is the 12th surface ship ever to reach the north pole.citation neededThe Yamal is equipped with a double hull. The outer hull is 48 mm thick where ice is met and 25 mm elsewhere and has a polymer coating to reduce friction. There is water ballast between th
22、e inner and outer hulls which can be shifted in order to aid icebreaking. Icebreaking is also assisted by an air bubbling system which can deliver 24 m/s of air from jets 9 m below the surface. The Yamal can break ice while making way either forwards or backwards.Yamal is one of the Russian “Arctic“
23、 family of icebreakers, the most powerful icebreakers in the world. These ships must cruise in cold water to cool their reactors, so they cannot pass through the tropics to undertake voyages in the Southern hemisphere.1Yamal carries one helicopter and several Zodiac boats. Radio and satellite commun
24、ications systems are installed which can provide navigation, telephone, fax, and email services. Amenities include a large dining room (capable of holding all 100 passengers in one sitting), a library, passenger lounge, auditorium, volleyball court, gymnasium, heated indoor swimming pool, a sauna, a
25、nd an infirmary. She is equipped with 50 passenger cabins and suites, all with toilets, exterior windows, a television, and a desk.的 NS 亚马尔（俄语： ）是俄罗斯 ARKTIKA 的级核动力破冰船摩尔曼斯克海运公司经营。它被命名后在西伯利亚西北部的亚马尔半岛，名字的意思是结束涅涅茨土地。在列宁格勒放下于1986年，并于1992 年10月推出，在苏联解体后，它永远不会填补其设计的角色保持开放航道。它一直载客北极游览。北极亚马尔游览千年来庆祝。亚马尔是有史以来12
26、 水面舰艇到达北极。 引证需要亚马尔配备双壳。的外船体48 毫米厚的冰满足的地方， 25毫米其他地方，并有聚合物涂层，以减少摩擦。是可以被转移，为了帮助破冰的内部和外部之间的船体的压载水。破冰还协助通过空气鼓泡系统，它可以提供9米以下的表面喷射空气24立方米/秒。亚马尔破冰同时一路向前或向后。亚马尔是俄罗斯破冰船，在世界上最强大的破冰船“ 北极” 家庭之一。这些船舶必须在冷水中冷却其反应堆的巡航，所以他们无法通过热带承接南半球航行。 1亚马尔搭载一架直升机和一些生肖船。无线电和卫星通信系统的安装，可以提供导航，电话，传真和电子邮件服务。设施包括一个大饭厅（能够在一个会议的所有100名乘客） ，图书馆，候机室，礼堂，排球场，健身房，室内恒温游泳池，一个桑拿浴室，一个医务室。她配备了50 个客舱和套房，均配备厕所，外墙窗户，电视和书桌。
