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初中英语介词用法总结.docx

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1、初中英语介词用法总结介词(preposition):也叫前置词。在英语里,它的搭配能力最强。但不能单独做句子成分需 要和名词或代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句)构成介词短语,才能在句中充当成分。介词是一种虚词,不能独立充当句子成分,需与动词、形容词和名词搭配, 才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前,表示词与词之间关系的词 类,介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、 代词或可以替代名词的词(如:动名词 v-ing).介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。介词的种类:11)简单介词:about, across, after, against, among, a

2、round, at, before, behind, below, beside,but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with 等等。(2) 合成介词:inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within(3) 短语介词:according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, ow

3、ing to, up to, with reguard to(4) 分词介词: considering, reguarding, including, concerning介词短语:构成介词 + 名词 We go to school from Monday to Saturday.介词 + 代词 Could you look for it instead of me?介词 + 动名词 He insisted on staying home.介词 + 连接代 / 副词 I was thinking of how we could get there.介词 + 不定式 /从句 He gives u

4、s some advice on how to finish it.介词的用法:一、介词to的常见用法1 .动词+toa)动词+ toadjust to 适应,attend to处理;照料,agree to 赞同,amount to力口起来达一,belong to 属于,come to 达到 , drink to为干杯,get to 到达 ,happen to 发生在某人身上,hold to 紧握 , lead to 通向 ,listen to 听 ,occur to 想起 , object to 反对 ,point to 指向 , respond to 回答 ,refer to参考;指的是;

5、涉及 reply to 回答 , see to 负责 ,stick to 坚持 , turn to 求助 ,write to 给某人写信。b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb.announce to 通知某人 , describe to 向某人描述, explain to 向某人解释 , express to 对某人表达,mention to 提及 , nod to 向某人点头, report to 报告 , say to 告知 , shout to 对某人大叫 , suggestto 对某人提建议,speak to 与某人交谈, talk to 跟某人谈话, whisper to 和某人低声耳

6、语。c)动词 +sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb.add to 增加 , compare to 比作 , carry to 运送至 , devote to 致力于 ,introduce to 介绍给 , invite to 邀请参加 , join to 连接到 , leave to 委托给 ,reduce to 下降至, sentence to 判处 , take to 带到。2 . be +形容词/ 过去分词 + tobe alive to 觉察;晓得 ,be attentive to 注意;留心,be awake to 知晓 ,be blind to 缺乏眼光 ,be close

7、 to 紧挨着 ,be common to 对某人来说很普通,be contrary to 违反;反对 ,be devoted to 致力 ,be deaf to 不愿意听 ,be equal to 有的力量 ,be exposed to 暴露;遭受,be fair to对公平,be familiar to 对某人来说熟悉,be grateful to 对某人心存感激,be good to对有好处,be harmful to对有危害,be important to 对一重要,be kind to 友好对待,be known to 周知于,be married to 嫁给 , be moved

8、to 转移到,be near to 靠近 , be necessary to 对有必要 , be opposite to 在对面 , be opposed to 反对 , be pleasant to 合某人之意,be proper to 专属 , be polite to 礼貌待人 , be rude to 粗暴对待,be relative to 与有关, be strange to 不习惯,be similar to 类似 , be suitable to 适合 , be true to 忠实 , be thankful to 感激 , be useful to对有用, be used t

9、o 习惯。3 .to+名词构成的词组to a degree在某种程度上,to date到现在为止,to one s feet跳起来,to one s mind照 看来,to ones surprise使吃惊,to ones taste符合胃口,to oneself 独自享用,to order 定做,to the letter 不折不扣地, to the point 中肯地二、 at 的常见用法 at 构成的词组比较多,要细心区分。1. 动词 + atarrive at抵达,call at访问某地,catch at(it)当场抓住,come at攻击,fire at向开火,glance at 瞟

10、一眼 , glare at 怒目而视 , grieve at 忧伤, knock at 敲 ,laugh at 嘲笑 , look at 看一 眼,pull at拉扯,rejoice at对高兴,smile at向某人微笑,shoot at朝射击,stare at怒目而 视,thrust at 刺向,tear at 撕,tremble at 颤抖,wonder at 吃惊,work at 工作。2. be +形容词/ 过去分词+ atbe angry at 恼怒于,be alarmed at 对保持警觉,be astonished at 对 口惊,be bad at 不擅 长 , be cle

11、ver at 对某事很灵巧 ,be delighted at 高兴, be disgusted at 厌恶 , be disappointed at 对失望,be good at擅长,be impatient at对不够耐心,be mad at狂热于,be pleased at对一 感至U高兴,be present at 出席,be satisfied at 满意,be surprised at 吃惊,be shocked at 对非常震惊,be terrified at受到的恐吓,be quick at对很机敏。3. at+名词构成的词组at a distance 在一定距离, at a l

12、oss 不知所措, at a time 一次, at all 一点也不, at any cost 不惜一切代价, at best 最好也只是, at first 起初, at hand 手头, at heart 在内心里, at home 在家;无拘束, at last 最后, at least 至少, at most 最多, at once 马上, at present 目前。三、介词 on 的常见用法on 的用法比较重要,本文介绍它的一些常见用法:1 . 动词 +ona)动词+ on要认真区分下面一些词组act on对有作用,bring on 促使; 导致,call on拜访某人,coun

13、t on 依赖,carry on执行,depend on 取决,feed on 以为生 figure on 料想;推断,go on 继续,have on 穿着,insist on 坚持,keep on 继续,lean on依赖,live on以为生,pull on迅速穿上,put on穿上,switch on接通(电源),take to 喜欢;养成;轻易学会, turn on 接通(电源) , work on 操作 , wait on 侍候。b)动词 +sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.)base on 以为基础 ,congratulate on 恭贺,fix on 固定,have

14、 mercy on 怜悯,have pity on 怜 惜 , keep watch on 监视 , spend on 把时间、精力花在某方面。2 .be+形容词+on的词组be dependent on 依赖,be hard on 对某人苛亥U ,be impressed on 对 ?象深亥ij , be keen on 渴望,be strict on对严格。3 .on+名词构成的词组on board 乘(车, 飞机),on call 听候召唤 , on duty 值班 , on earth 到底 , on fire 着火 , on foot步行, on guard 在岗, on hire

15、雇用, on holiday 度假四、介词 in 的常见用法1. 动词 +ina)动词+ inbelieve in 信任 , break in 碎成, bring in 引起;产生;带来, call in 下令收回 , fill in 填充 ,getin 收获 , hand in 上缴 , involve in 涉及 , lie in 在于 , result in 导致 , share in 共享 ,succeed in 成功 , take in 卷起;订阅 , turn in 归还当局。b)动词 +sb./time/money+ inhelp sb. in 帮助某人做某事, spare ti

16、me/money in 匀出时间或钱做某事,spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,waste time/money in 浪费时间或钱做某事。2. be +形容词+ inbe active in 活跃于 ,be absorbed in 专心致志 , be busy in 忙碌 , be born in 出生于 ,be concerned in 牵涉,be clothed in 穿着,be disappointed in 对一失望,be diligent in 勤于,be experienced in 在有经验 ,be employed in 任职于,be engaged in

17、 忙碌,be expert in 某方面的专 家,be excellent in 在优秀,be interested in 对有兴趣,be lacking in 缺乏,be rich in 富有,be slow in 迟缓 , be successful in 在某方面成功 , be skilled in 精于 ,be strict in 严于 , be weak in 弱于。3. in +名词in advance 提前 ,in all 总共, in balance 总而言之, in bed 卧床, in body 亲自, in brief 简 明扼要, in case 万一 , in cha

18、rge 主管, in danger 有危险 , in debt 负债 , in despair 失望 ,in force 大量地;有效, in full 全部地 , in flower 开花 ,in general 一般说来 ,in itself 本身 , in love 恋爱 , in order 井然有序 , in person 亲自 ,in public 公开地 , in progress 有进展 , in practice 从实践上看, inrags 穿着破衣 ,in research 探索 , in return 作为报答 ,in ruins 一片废墟 ,in short 总之 ,i

19、n theory 从 理论上看 , in trouble 有麻烦 , in tears 眼泪汪汪 ,in time 及时 , in turn 按顺序 , in vain 白白地, in view 看得见。五、介词 from 的常见用法from 的用法可不能小瞧,你不一定知道下面这些词组意义。1. 动词 +froma)动词 + fromcome from 来自 ,date from 追溯 , depart from 违背 , die from 死于 , escape from 逃出 ,fall from 自跌落,hang from 垂挂,hear from 收至U来信,learn from 向某

20、人学习,return from 自某 地返回,rise from 自冒出,result from 起因于,suffer from 忍受。b)动词 + sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a placeborrow from 向 借,choose from 选自,excuse from 免除,keep from 阻止做,prevent from 不准做,protect from 不受 一之害,receive from 收至U ,remove from 移动; 除去,save from 保全; 拯救 , separate from 分离开来 ,stop from 阻止。2. b

21、e +形容词+ from初中英语介词用法总结第 5 页 共 13页be absent from 缺席 ,be different from 与众不同 , be far from 更不用说 , be hidden from 躲 避,be made from 用制成,be tired from 因而疲倦。3. from to from bad to worse 每况愈下, from beginning to end 自始至终, from cover to cover 从头到尾,from China to Peru 到处, from day to day 一天一天地, from door to do

22、or 挨家挨户, from end to end 从头至尾, from first to last 自始至终, from hand to mouth 勉强糊家, from head to foot 从头到脚, from mouth to mouth 广泛流传, from sun to sun 从日出到日落, from start to finish 从头开始, from top to toe 从头到脚, from time to time 不时地, from top to bottom 彻底地。六、介词 for 的常见用法1 . 动词 +fora)动词+foraccount for 解释; 说

23、明,answer for 对一负责,apply for 申请; 请求 ,apologize for 为而道 歉,beg for 请求,call for 要求,care for 在意,enter for 报名参加,fight for 为而战,hope for 希 望 ,inquire for 查询;求见, leave for 离开某地到另一地, look for 寻找 , long for 盼望 ,mistake for误认为,plan for计划做某事,prepare for为作准备,provide for为提供,reach for伸手去拿, run for 竞选 , stand for 象征

24、 ,search for 搜寻 , send for 派人去请 , speak for 陈述意见、愿望 , take for 当作 , wish for 希望 , wait for 等待。b)动词 +sb.+ for +sth.ask for 要求彳至11 ,blame for 因责备,excuse for 宽恕,forgive for 谅解,pardon for 原谅,pay for 花钱买,praise for 称赞,punish for 对进彳f 惩罚,push for 催逼,reward for 酬谢,thank for 对表示谢意。2 . be +形容词 +forbe anxious

25、 for 急于做 , be eager for 渴望 , be bad for 有害于 ,be convenient for 便于 , be good for 禾U于,be famous for 以出名,be fit for 适合于,be grateful for 对心存感激 ,be impatient for 对不耐烦,be late for 迟至U , be necessary for 有必要,be ready for 作好准备,be sorry for 为 而后悔,be responsible for 对一负责,be suitable for 适合于,be unfit for 不适合,b

26、e useful for对一有作用。3 .for+名词构成的词组for all 尽管, for a song 非常便宜地, for certain 确切地, for company 陪着, for ever 永远,for example 例如, for fear 以免, for fair 肯定地, for free 免费, for fun 为了好玩, for good 永远, for instance 比方, for luck 祝福, for life 终身, for long 长久, for nothing 白白地, for once 有生第一次,for oneself替自己,for ple

27、asure为了消遣,for reason因为理由,for sale供 出售, for shame 真不害臊, for short 简称, for sport 好玩, for sure 确切地。4 .动词 +副词 /名词 +for 构成的短语be in for 将遇到, make up for 弥补, go in for 从事, look out for 提防, take sth. for granted 把当作理所当然,have an ear for音感好,have a gift for有某方面的天赋。一、表示时间的介词(一)表示时间段的介词( 1) in , afterin +时间段,表示从

28、现在起往后推算一段时间after + 时间段,表示过去某时间往后推算一段时间,如:He ll come back in two days. 但点钟用 after( after three o clock)He left on July 2 and returned after three days.( 2) in , during表示在一段特指的时间内,可用 in 或 duringThe work was done in / during the holidays.表示年份、月份、季节用 in , 如 :in 1999 ,in June , in winter( 3 ) in last, fo

29、r the past + 时间段 , during表示在最近一段时间内,句中谓语动词常用现在完成时I have been in Shanghai in the last few years.( 4 ) for 表示延续一段时间。I ll study in the U.S for two yearsI ve waited for Bingo for half an hour.(二)表示某一时间的介词( 1) at, onat 表示某一时刻,on 表示某一天或日期, 如 :at 7:14, on Saturday morning on the night of May2一天内各段时间表达, 选用正

30、确的介词,请比较:in the morningon a winter / snow / cold / morningat nighton the night of March 7thin the eveningon Friday evening( 2 ) before, bybefore 表示某一时间之前,而 by 表示到某一时间止,句中谓语动词多用完成时态。如 :: You must get up before six. 你必须六点之前起床。By the end of last month the boy had got 4“As” .到上月底这个男孩已得了 4 个 A.初中英语介词用法总结

31、第 7 页 共 13页3 ) after , sinceafter 可以表示过去某一点时间之后,并不延续说话时间,和一般过去连用,而since表示从过去某时间开始的一段时间延续到说话时间,与现在完时连用如;My father lived in Shanghai after liberation .解放后我父亲住在上海.Since the end of last year the lady has given five concerts. 自去年年底以来,这位女士开了五十场音乐会4 4) from to, until / tillfrom to 表示从某一点时间到另一点时间的一段时间,而unti

32、l till 表示某动作或状态延续到某点时间如:My mother studied in Beijing University from 1960 to 1964.从 1960 年到 1964 年我妈妈在北京大学学习。My mother entered Beijing University in 1960, and studied there until 1964.我妈妈 1960 年进入北京大学,一直学习到 1964 年。(但“从早到晚”常表达为 from morning till night )(三)不用介词表示时间的词或词组含 this, that, last, next 的表示时间的名

33、词词组, 以及某些时间的副词或名词词组前不用介词,如: this year last summer, yesterday , the day after tomorrow 等。二、表示事物之间位置的介词( 1) at, in当事物被视作一点,不强调其空间常用介词 at, 而表示空间内部用介词in, 如:We ll meet at the supermarket 我们在超市见面I had to stay in the supermarket as it was raining hard 因为下大雨,我只好呆在超市里*动词 arrive 后接 at ,表示较小的地方, 如 : 车站、村庄等.后接

34、in 表示较大地方,如 : 城市,地区等2 ) in, toin 表示事物在区域范围内的位置, to 表示事物对区域范围之外另一事物的位置, 如:Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中国东部Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东面。in front of 表示在前面,一般不在范围内,in the front of 表示在前面.在同一范围内。3 ) after, behind , On, Over , Under , Above , Belowafter 指顺序先后,behind 指位置在某事物之后,相对于 in f

35、ront of 而言 , 如:He entered the classroom after the teacherHe hid himself behind the door 他在门后。4 ) on , inon 表示“在某事物表面上”。如将事物看作空间,表示在其内部,用介词in 。There is a modern painting on the wall .There is a modern painting on the wall .5 ) from , off 都表示“离开”而 above, below仅表示位置上 “高于”6 ) above , over, below , under

36、 over , under 表示垂直的上下关系,或“低于” , 不表示垂直关系。7 ) between, amongbetween 表示“两个事物之间” , among 表示“三者以上的事物之间”。三、表示运动方向的介词( 1) into, inside , in 从外到内 如:He went quickly into / inside the room.He went quickly into / inside the room.( 2) out of 从里到外,相当于 outside, 或从里向外,相当于 fromShe went out of from the office in a h

37、urry 她匆匆走出办公室 .The boy watched the buses, cars and bikes out from the window . 这男孩透过窗观看外面的公交车、小汽车和自行车。( 3) on 在表面, onto 到上A boat is on the river. 一条小船在河上。He jumped onto a tree. 他跳上一棵树( 4) across 穿过一平面、 through 穿过一空间The boy kicked the ball hard and it moved across the grass.这男孩用力踢球,球飞过草地。The train mo

38、ved fast through the tunnel.火车飞驶隧道。( 5) The train moved fast through the tunnel.火车飞驶隧道。She walked to the bank 她步行到银行去She swam towards the shore 她朝岸边游去。四、常用介词用法比较( 1) as , likeas 表示“作为”强调身份, like (介词)表示“像”As a teacher, he cares for these children.Like a teacher, he cares for these children.2) with ,

39、inwith表示“外貌特征或附带的东西”,“用作工具”in 表示”衣着” ”用某语言” , 在固定搭配中也可用 inA man with dark glasses wanted to buy drinks.A man in black wanted to buy drinks.初中英语介词用法总结第 10 页 共 13页The boy is learning to write in pencil / with a pencil.He retold the text in English.( 3 ) for , tofor 表示“为了 .”To 表示动作对象, “对 , 向 .” 如 :He w

40、ould do anything for his motherland.Did you mention this to my father? 你对我父亲提起过这件事吗?for 表示“就某情况而说” , to 表示一“对某对象而言”如: It s quite warm today for February. 就二月的天气,今天够暖和的。What he told you just now was not new to me 他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜for 表示“目的 ,用途”。与go, come 动词连用,( 4 ) except , besidesexcept 表示“从总体中排除一部分”

41、, 与 bat 同义, besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分”We all failed except him. 我们都失败了,但他没有。He speaks German besides French.他懂法外还会讲英语。( 5 )注意成对介词的用法:get into (out of ) the car, get on (off) the bus, jump onto (off) the platform, out of( 6 )介词和名词动词等有不少固定搭配和习惯用法:to one s surprise / joy, in charge of , instead of, in bed

42、 (hospital), in trouble, in a hurry, in surprise, with a smile, with one voice, according to, at once, on time, in time, in all, at home, (school, work), at last, at least, in the end, by the way, for example, at the same time, at the same speed, on one s way (to), in the sun, on the football team,

43、in line, with the help of, in red / green put on, look for, look after, run after, send for, enter for, pay for, showaround, listen to, arrive in / at, get to, agree with, succeed in, think of (about), wait for,.( 7 )表示加减乘除,分别用介词plus, minus, times 和动词过去分词divided + by二、复习时需要注意的要点( 1 )介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的

44、介词宾语是疑问代词、 疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。( 2 )介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如:a.动词 + 介词:laugh at, wait forb.形容词、过去分词 +介词:be good at, be prond ofc.名 t司 + 介词: pay a visit to , the key to实战演练一、例题选讲例1We will play football three o clock.A. In B. After C. To D. Since 答案:B提示:这四个

45、选项的介词都可以表示时间,但含义和用法不同。in常用来表示以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后,after 可表示从过去为起点的一段时间之后,通常与过去时连用。但要注意after 也可以表示将来某一特定时刻之后。本题里 after表示将来某一特定时刻。例2The story took place a cold night.A. In B. After C. To D. Since 答案:B提示:on通常指特定时期:或表示某一天的上午,下午,晚上等。句中的时间状语a cold night已表明在某个寒冷的夜晚,其前面应使用介词on。例3We will play football three o clo

46、ck.A. In B. After C. To D. Since 答案:B提示:这四个选项的介词都可以表示时间,但含义和用法不同。in常用来表示以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后,after 可表示从过去为起点的一段时间之后,通常与过去时连用。但要注意after 也可以表示将来某一特定时刻之后。本题里 after表示将来某一特定时刻。例4The story took place a cold night.A. In B. After C. To D. Since 答案:B提示:on通常指特定时期:或表示某一天的上午,下午,晚上等。句中的时间状语a cold night已表明在某个寒冷的夜晚,其前面

47、应使用介词on。例5This is the bus the People s Park.A. At B. For C. To D. Towards 答案:B提示:四个选项的介词表达的意义不同。at表示“在某处,在旁边” ,for表示“(动身)去处”,to表示“到某处,towards表示“向某处”。例6Are your parents workers? No , is a worker.A. Neither B. none C. Either D. Both答案:A提示:neither是对两个人或事物的否定,谓语用单数形式;而 both则是对两个人或事物的肯定, 谓语用复数形式。例7The work cost us more than five weeks.(保持原意) more than five weeks

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