1、MindTrap 1 Challenging,Lao Shen introduced Lao Huang to his friend as his “Uncle Huang”. Lao Huang introduced Lao Shen to his friend as “Uncle Shen”.“If you are uncles to each other,” queried one of the friends, “you must also be nephews to each other.”“Thats correct,” replied Lao Shen.Since there h
2、as been no breach of marriage law here, how could such a relationship come to be?,Introduction to Research Methodology: How to Write a Good Doctoral Dissertation (Academic Research Papers to Publish in International Quality Journals),Wayne Wei HuangTenured Professor of MIS/IS,College of Business, Oh
3、io University, USA,3,Final research proposal: 10-30 pages including 8 sections Road Map,1. Learning RM is like to learn Wu3-Gong1 (7-7-8-8): 7 steps of generic research process is like Zhao1-shi4 of Wu3-Gong1, and 8 sections of research proposal are like specific content of Wu3-Gong1 (outcomes)2. Ho
4、w can you master this RM Wu3-Gong1?Do you practice Wu3-Gong1 every day? Why?,4,Getting Started: choosing research topic, main research issues and testable research questionsConceptualization: literature review, research framework/model/theoryChoice of Research Methodology: suitable Operationalizatio
5、n: research methodology Data Collection: Population and SamplingData Processing and AnalysisApplication: discussion & implications,A Generic Research Process,5,What Is A Good Dissertation/Research Topic ?,Need for research: significanceAmenable to research methods (availability of data and data anal
6、ysis tool)Achievable in reasonable timeSymmetry of potential outcomes: if outcome being as expected, or if not as expected.Matches student capabilities and interestAttractive for funding (future career development)Area for professional development in the future Demonstration: BPO (key factors in win
7、ning contracts from client),6,From Research Topic Analysis Report (3-5 pages) to Research Proposal (Final research proposal: 10-30 pages including 8 sections) Road Map,Summary (what to do & how, 1-2 pages)Research problem, question, & hypothesis (1-3 pages)Importance of topic (1-2 pages)Prior resear
8、ch on topic (5-15 pages) (research model/framework)Research approach or methodology (2-5 pages)Limitations and key assumptions (1-2 pages)Contributions to knowledge (for each potential research outcome, if there are more than one) (1-3 pages) Descriptions of proposed chapters/sections in dissertatio
9、n/research paper (2-3 pages),7,Research Topic Analysis Report Format (5 Sections),Research problem/Issue TESTABLE research questions (research hypotheses):Importance of research (significance)Significant prior researchPossible research approach or methodologyPotential outcomes of research and the im
10、portance of eachSimilar to our first assignment on choosing a research topic, due to the consideration of your time pressure, we dont ask you to do this report as an assignment,8,What Is A Good Dissertation/Research Topic ?,Need for research: significanceAmenable to research methods (availability of
11、 data and data analysis tool)Achievable in reasonable timeSymmetry of potential outcomes: if outcome being as expected, or if not as expected.Matches student capabilities and interestAttractive for funding (future career development)Area for professional development in the future Demonstration: BPO
12、(key factors in winning contracts from client),9,Agenda for today: Research Model, Research Methodology Basics & Literature Review,Check assignment 2 submission (Mark attendance + Name-stand)How to do quality review (format)?Research basics: research modelResearch Methodology: Experiment IAssignment
13、 3 released,10,Talking Point,Working hard on assignment? Yao Active learningWorking hard now & relax later vs. relax now & working hard later: personal experience.,11,Agenda for today: Research Model, Research Methodology Basics & Literature Review,Check assignment 2 submission (Mark attendance + Na
14、me-stand)How to do quality review (format)?Research basics: research modelResearch Methodology: Experiment IAssignment 3 released,12,Where shall we go from here?,What do we have now? Literature searched results in categorized format: A, B, C class papersWhere shall we go from here: Do a comprehensiv
15、e literature review (especially for A class papers): climbing up to the “Mountain Tai”Work out a research modelChoose a suitable research method,13,How to Do a Good Literature Review? (Review Report format),What are main entries/elements in a literature review report? Journal paper info.: journal ti
16、tle, author(s), issue/No., year, page numbers (APA Format), Research problems/issues, research questions (ability of finding specific problem), and hypotheses: Abstract; Introduction; Formulating hypotheses sectionsTheoretical framework, models, etc (Creativity)Research design: DV, IV, etc.Research
17、methodologyResearch findingsCritical comments on the paper: weaknesses of the paper (Creativity) & relevance to my current research topicDoing literature review for “A” class papers becomes “easy”: filling out the 7 blank sections,14,Now, hands-on (participation points),For the JMIS2000 paper (about
18、 GSS) given to you (Huang & Wei, JMIS, 2000), answer following questions (using the research review format):Give 10-15 minutes: read & “allocate work in a group”Step by step demonstrate how to do quality literature review,Answer following questions :What are main purposes/goals of the experiment res
19、earch?What are the main research issues and questions? *What is the research model? (elaborate it)Why choosing empirical experimental research is a suitable research methodology for this study?What are IVs, DVs? *What is the factorial design for the two factors? *How experimental tasks were chosen a
20、nd used in the experiment? Who are the subjects in the experiment? How to assign the subjects into experimental treatments (how many treatments in this experiment)?,Answer following questions :What is the experimental process ?What is the experimental setting? (hardware, software, etc.)What are cont
21、rols considered in this study? * What are experimental scripts (administrators instructions)? What are other possible threats to the experiment? (research limitation) *,17,How to Do a Good Literature Review? (Review Report format),What are main entries/elements in a literature review report? Journal
22、 paper info.: journal title, author(s), issue/No., year, page numbers (APA Format), Research problems/issues, research questions (ability of finding specific problem), and hypotheses: Abstract; Introduction; Formulating hypotheses sectionsTheoretical framework, models, etc (Creativity)Research desig
23、n: DV, IV, etc.Research methodologyResearch findingsCritical comments on the paper: weaknesses of the paper (Creativity) & relevance to my current research topicDoing literature review for “A” class papers becomes “easy”: filling out the 7 blank sections,18,Demonstration,So doing research is well st
24、ructured, its fun! “FuRong Town”: cleaning street was a funOur ancestor is not always right, for e.g., they claim that there is no short-cut in learning & study this is not correct though study always needs hard-workingA good teacher should provide such a “short-cut” for students to study more effec
25、tively & efficiently,19,Assignment 3: Literature Review,For your chosen research topic done in AS.1, review at least 3 “A” category papers for your own research topic, using the review format discussed in the class.Submit the review report by 10pm, this Sunday.,20,Bonus: Participation Points (Group)
26、,Review the Survey papers: L4-4639-AdoptionKorea-o.doc, using the review format:save as files “GroupName-review.doc”. Submit the review report by 10pm, this Sunday.,21,Hands-on: discussing on the assigned adoption paper,What is the research purpose/goal?What are main research findings?What are main
27、contributions theoretically & practically?Which research methodology is used in this study?What are top 2 strengths of this study?What are top 3 weaknesses of this study?What is your groups reviewing comments on this paper? (accept, reject or revise/resubmit?),22,Agenda for today,Check assignment 2
28、submission (Mark attendance + Name-stand)How to do quality review (format)?Research basics: research modelResearch Methodology: Experiment IAssignment 3 released,23,Next, Work out a Research Model,Based upon research literature, work out a research model for your research topic (a suggested solution
29、 to research questions)How?,24,Theory,Methods,PersonalExperiences,Resources,PreviousResearch,How to work out research model,Professors job doesnt require 8 hours staying in office, why? (new knowledge creator)- Dengs “theory on White and Black Cats”,25,There are many different types of research meth
30、ods: main empirical research methods include survey, experiment, and case study; as well as other quantitative research methods such as economics models, game theory model, OR models, etc. How/why to choose a suitable one & how to use a suitable research method to conduct rigorous & scientific resea
31、rch? This is the key issues in this Research Methodology (RM) course (what is Methodology?).,Now Choose a Suitable Research MethodTo Validate Your Research Model,26,Data are collected from members of a sample that represents a known population so? Generalization is highA systematic technique is used
32、 to collect dataThe researcher manipulates no independent variables so?Precision is not highData are sought directly from the respondentsSubjects provide data in natural settings so ?Realism is relatively highResponses of subjects are assumed to be largely unaffected by the context in which they are
33、 elicited: whether or not youre punished by your boss on that day,1. Survey,27,Influences of confounding variables are “controlled” statistically: KEYE.g., 1) Using survey method to study impacts of a clients trust on its BPO contract-bidding: what are main controls?Industry typeSize of company, etc
34、.2) Using exam. score to measure studying performance in college entrance,Survey,28,The researcher creates a setting for the study of some phenomenonThe experimenter has control over the assignment of experimental subjects to treatment and control conditionsThe experimenter has control over virtuall
35、y all independent variables that may have an impact on the dependent variableThe experimenter manipulates one or more independent variables of interest. So?Rigorous control or precision is highE.g., L2-Huang-JMIS2000-Experiment paper,2. Laboratory Experiment,29,The research takes place in a natural
36、settingThe experimenter manipulates one or more independent variables while exerting as much control as the situation permits over other possibly confounding variables (not much rigorous control)The effect of the manipulations on one or more dependent variables is systematically observed.E.g., (L2-H
37、uang-JMIS2000-Experiment paper) studying the effects of GSS on top managements decision-making meetings (they are divided to two groups: using vs. not-using GSS; no decision-making process/structure is imposed/used during decision-making process),Field Experiments,30,No independent variables are man
38、ipulated by the researchersIntact, naturally occurring systems are the object of studyVariables are systematically measuredThe focus of the such research may be exploratory, descriptive, or hypothesis testing.E.g., observing how management teams use GSS in their decision-making tasks in reality (no
39、controls),Field Studies,31,Talking Point,Who is your role model in life? Heroes in US & East (Hollywood),32,The researcher intensely examines a single unit (e.g., person, group, or organization)Data are often collected by multiple means: tri-angulationsNo attempt is made to exercise experimental or
40、statistical controls so? Precision is lowPhenomena are studied in natural settings so? Realism is goodThe methodology is suited more to the generation of hypotheses than their testing: not to fully prove the correctness of a theory (for the purpose of exploration of research issues/problems, etc.)E.
41、g., how can China successfully implement BPO strategy in the world? (through a case study)? (CSFs, exploratory),Case Study,33,The simulation settings are created so as to replicate, to varying degrees, the attributes of naturally occurring systemsParticipants are exposed to the number of “real-world
42、-like” eventsParticipants are free to behave within the constraints of the established rules of the simulation so? Precision is high, and Realism/Generation?)Participation in the simulation is generally for protracted time periodsDepending upon the type of simulation the research exerts varying degr
43、ees of control over (1) the assignment of the subjects, and (2) the stimuli to which the participants are exposedThe dependent variables of the simulation are the behaviors exhibited by the participantsE.g., Simulating contract-bidding process in BPOA word on mathematical model methodology: used to
44、tackle a complicated and new research problem?,Simulation,34,Depends upon your research topic/problem as well as your research purpose, in general.For example: Case study; Survey; ExperimentYou need to justify why you choose the method(s) in your research proposal: if not, a main weakness,Which meth
45、od should you use for your research?,35,When we conduct a research project or gather a batch of research evidence, we are always trying to maximize three things:Precision: rigor, scientific, internal validityRealism: practical, useful, relevantGeneralization: external validity,Choose a Research Meth
46、od,36,Research Tri-angle Model,Precision(of measurement),Realism(for participants),Generalizability(to other situations)Survey,Experiment,Case Study,Development,37,Our ancestor is clever than us: Mao2 & Duen4 Hiding weakness of your research vs. recognize it: clever way,Choosing a Research Method,38
47、,Gestures: come on Gift to Chinese parents-in-law by an Australian wife: Singapore couple,Talking Point,39,This is the most common classification you will see in research. The independent variable (IV) is the presumed cause of the dependent variable (DV).In experimental research, the IV is what we m
48、anipulate, and then we measure the effect of this manipulation on the DV.In non-experimental research, we assume that the IV has been “manipulated” before we begin the study.,Independent vs. Dependent Variables,40,Continuous vs. Categorical Variables,1.Continuous Variables: also called quantitative
49、variables. Continuous variables have values that reflect at least a rank order and have quantitative values (e.g., scores) associated with them. Common continuous variables include IQ, temperature, User Information Satisfaction, profitability, and forecasting error.2.Categorical Variables: Also called qualitative variables (note the link with qualitative research). The variable “sex” is categorical - people either male or female. Other examples of categorical variables include religious preference, computer brand, department, major field, political party affiliation, and industry type.,
