1、初中现在完成时时态讲解一、注意弄清时态的实际意义现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作/状态 ,或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果。They have left.-他们已经离开了 ,也就是说现在他们人不在这里I have had my lunch. -我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能有可能停止，或有可能继续延续下去。He has learned English since 2001.-从 2001 年开始学的 ,现在还在继续学着呢二、基本句型结构现在完成时的构成形式： have /has (助动词 )+done( 过去分词 I
2、/You/They/We have talked . He/She has talked.)现在完成时的否定结构就是在助动词have 或has 后加上否定词not；I/You/They/Wehaven t(have not) talked .He/She hasn t(has not) talked.其一般疑问句就是将助动词have 或has 提到句首，HaveI/You/They/Wetalked .Has he/she talked.肯定的简略回答是：Yes，主语 have/has.，否定的简略回答是：No，主语 have/has not. 。如：I have seen the film.
3、Have you seen the？filmYes， I have./No， I haven t.三、 注意掌握两种基本用法1. “过去的经历 ”：动作发生在过去的某一时刻且已经结束，但未说明动作发生的具体时间或情景，强调该经历(即动作发生后 )对现在所造成的影响或产生的结果。如：I have heard of the man. 我听说过这个人。2. 完“成情况 ”：表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能继续延续下去。句子中一般有说明其完成情况的短语或从句。句子中有 “已发生了多久 ”的时间状语的短语或从句。如：I have lived in Shanghai since I wa
4、s ten years old. 我从十岁起就住在上海。说明 “到说话时为止，已完成了多少”。即句中，含有表示“完成了多少 ”的宾语或表示动作发生次数的状语。如：I have read the book three times. 这本书我看了三遍。四一般过去时与现在完成时的区别1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。 ）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）2）一般过去时常与具
5、体的表示过去的时间状语连用;现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1990, in October, just now,from.on,- 具体的过去时间状语现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until,up to now, in the past few years, recently,- 模糊的时间状语句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960 ）时，不能使用现在完
6、成时，要用过去时（错） Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对） Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live,teach,learn, work, study, know.一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become,get married等。She joined the League three years ago.(加入的动作不是延
7、续的)She has been in the League for three years (since three years ago)在.(团内的状态可延续)She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago)是.团员的状态可持续)五比较延续动词与瞬间动词延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。He has finished the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I ve known himsince then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)注意延续性动词和
8、短暂性动词的用法1. 短暂性动词与短暂性时间 (时间点 )连用。如：He joined the Party three years ago. 他入党三年了。 (他三年前入党的 )2. 用“ It is/has been时间段 since ”句型。如： It is/has been three years since I bought the book. 这本书我买了三年了。 (从买这本书起到现在已三年了 )3. 用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“ for时间段”或“since时间点 ”。如：He has been in the Greener China
9、for three years.-He has been a member of the Greener China fot three years他.加入 “绿色中国 ”已经三年了。The old man died 4 years ago.-The old man has been dead for 4 years.He joined the Party 2 years ago.-He has been in the Party for 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago.- I have had the book for 5 days.英语延续动词与非
10、延续动词的转换延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如： learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch,sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+ 一段时间 :for 2 years; since 从句 ,since he came here;since+时间点名词 ,since last year, since 5 days ago;how long; for a long time 等。非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的
11、动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如 :open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy 等。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 oclock;例 :He died 5 years ago.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换leave - be awayborrow - keepbuy - havebegin/start - be ondie - be deadfinish - be overopen sth - keep sth openfall ill -b
12、e illget up-be upcatch a cold - have a coldcome here - be herego there - be therebecome - become back - be backfall asleep - be asleepget to/ arrive/reach - be (in) leave - be away fromget to know - knowgo (get) out be output on wear比较 since 和 forsince 用来说明动作起始时间 “自从 ”for 用来说明动作延续时间长度 “长达 ”I have li
13、ved here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)比较have/hasbee
14、ntohave/hasgonetohave/hasbeeninHe went to Shanghai last week上周他做了一件事:那就是去了上海He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经 )到/去过上海在他人生中曾经有过这样的经历,但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了He has gone to Shanghai. 他已经去上海了也许刚动身出发 ,也许已经到了 ,也许还在路上 ,反正他人不在这里 He has been in Shanghai for 10 years. 他呆在上海迄今为止已经10 年了 现在还在上海没有离开呢 He lived in Shanghai f
15、or 10 years. 以前他在上海住过10 年现在不在上海了 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化1. He died 10 years ago. - He _ _ _ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2.He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago.- He _ _ the book for 2 weeks.3.He bought the motorbike a month ago. -He _ _ the motorbike for a month.4.He arrived here three days ago.- He _ _ h
16、ere since three days ago.5.They turned off the light 2 hours ago.- The light _ _ _ for 2 hours.6.He left here 2 years ago.- He _ _ _ from here for 2 years.7.The film began 30 minutes ago.- The film _ _ _ for 30 minutes.8.They opened the door an hour ago.- The door _ _ _ for an hour.9.They closed the
17、 door an hour ago.- The door _ _ _ for an hour.10. He joined the army last year.- He _ _ a _ for a year.- He _ _ _ the army for a year.- It _ a year _ he joined the army.现在完成时专项练习一、单项选择。1、Bothhis.knewparentslook.have knownsad . Maybethey _whatshappened .must know .will knowtohim .（呼和浩特）2、Hehas _ bee
18、ntoShanghai , hashe ? .already.never .ever. still3、HaveyoumetMrLi _ ？ .just .ago .before .a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . iswriting.waswriting .wrote .haswritten5、 Our country_ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . haschanged ; well .changed ; good. has
19、changed ; betterchanged ; better6、Zhao Lan _already_in this school for two years . . . was ; studying . will ; study . has ; studied. are ; studying7、We _ XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl . know.hadknown . haveknown.knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice .willsee.haveseen .saw.see9、 Thesefa
20、rmershavebeentotheUnitedStates .Really ? When _ there ?. willtheygo.didtheygo.dotheygo .havetheygone10、_ you _ your . Did ; do ; finishedhomeworkyet ?Yes . I _itamoment.Have ; done ; finishedago .Have ; done ; havefinished .will ; do ; finish11、Hisfather_ thePartysince1978 . .12、Do you know him well
21、 ?Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago .were. have been. have become . have made13、How long have you_ here ?About two months .been.gone .come.arrived14、Hurryup! Theplay _ fortenminutes .hasbegun .hadbegun . hasbeenon.began15、 It _ tenyearssinceheleft thearmy .is.has .will . was16、 MissGreen isntin
22、theoffice . she_to the library .hasgone. went.willgo . has been17、Myparents _Shandongfortenyears . . have been in . have been to . have gone to. have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom, _?A. so theyB. don t theyC. have theyD. haven t they19、has Mr White been a member of Greener China sin
23、ce heA. How soon, comesB. How often, gotC. How long, cameD. How far, arrivedto China?20、 His unclefor more than 9 years.A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived thereD. has left the university二、句型转换。1、He has never surfed, _ ?（改成反意疑问句）2、They have been here since 2000. 提(问 ) _ have they be
24、en here?3、The old man _ last year. He_for a year. (die)（动词填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换 ) This factory _ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.(同义句转换 )Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years（.同义句）Hermother _ thePartythreeyears_ .7、T
25、he Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换 )_ two years _ the Green family moved to France.8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)_三、汉译英。1、吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。_2、他昨天收到一封信。_3、我父亲以前到过长城。_4、她还没有看过那部新电影。_5、她去过上海。 _6、他这些天上哪儿去了？_参考答案：一、单项选择。1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或
26、过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是。2、现在完成时常与already（已经）， just（刚刚，正好）， ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故2 应选 B。3、C4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），sofar（到目前为止）， inthepast/ “ last+ 一段时间 ”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4
27、应选 D。5、C6、现在完成时时常与“ for +时间段或 since +过去时间点 ”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。故 6 应选 C。7、C8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），threetimes（三次），severaltimes（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8 应选B。9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday ,
28、 lastweek , amomentago 等）连用。故9的正确答案为B。10、B11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for 和 since 引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11 的正确答案依次为：D。12、B13、 A14、C15、A 。16、“ have/has goneto + 地点 ”表示 “某人去了某地 （还未回来） ”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“ have/has beenin + 地点 ”表示 “在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“ have/hasbeento+地点 ”表示 “曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。 ”故 16 的正确
29、答案为A 。17、A18、 D19、C20、C二、句型转换。1、has he?2、How long3、died, has been dead4、has been open5、has been away6、joined ；ago7、It is, since8、 The bus has been here for ten minutes.三、汉译英。1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now.2、He received a letter yesterday.3、My father has been to the Great Wall before.4、She hasnt seen the new film yet.5、She has been to Shanghai.6、Where has he been these days？
