1、1. After being stirred for 4 h, the mixture was poured into a culture dish and slowly evaporated at 80 C until an equilibrium weight was reached.2. In all cases, at least five samples were tested.3. From Fig. 3d, it can be clearly observed that the wellseparated a-CNTs are located on the surface of
2、s-HNTs, indicating that these two kinds of one dimensional nanomaterials exhibit the ability to mutually improve their own dispersibility.4. Very recently, a review has been written on graphene-polymer composites 7 stating the current trends in graphene based thermoplastic composites whereas, existi
3、ng literature on elastomer based graphene composite is limited.5. Thus, to investigate this, varying amounts of MWCNT were added in composites containing fixed amount of EG. The produced composites were subjected to similar investigations like those used for single filler system.6. Two different GnP
4、 particle sizes of average diameter 5 um and 25 um as shown in Fig. 1a and b respectively were used to study the influence of size variation in properties.7. Similar increase in thermal conductivity in epoxy matrix with the incorporation of graphite nanoplatelets and graphene was previously reported
5、 in literature making such composite materials attractive for thermal interfaces.8. It is possible to create carboncarbon interface in the final composite by using GO as a dispersant for carbon materials like graphite, carbon black and carbon nanotubes, thus opening up new ways to make allcarbon hyb
6、rid materials with diverse functionalities9. To ensure data accuracy and repeatability, at least 5 measurements were carried out for each nanocomposite.10. The FTIR, UVvisible, Raman and XPS results together led to the conclusion that CS was grafted onto the surface of GO and CS-GO was successfully
7、converted into CS-rGO after the chemical reduction.11. It appears that all the fillers are dispersed well in the CS matrix and no aggregates can be discerned, but the surface morphologies of each sample vary significantly.12. Error bars in b,c represent the minimum and maximum values obtained from f
8、ive independent experiments.13. In contrast, the elastic moduli increased monotonically with the increasing proportion of RGOF incorporated into the fibres (Fig. 2b).14. The MWNT5%/PANI nanoparticles with good electrical conductivity and low MWNT content may be suitable candidates fillers for polyme
9、r composites.15. All three electrical conductivity curves possess two phases: first a sharp increase, then a plateau.16. These results should enable further investigation of the physical and chemical properties of graphene with different size, and hold great promise for a broader range of technologi
10、cal applications in many fields.17. In this study, we applied our previous reported method to measure the thermal conductivity of suspended graphene sheets with different sizes, and the effect of temperatures on the thermal conductivity is also investigated.18. So far, although many studies on graph
11、ene toughening of epoxy resin have been made, some questions such as the one above mentioned still remain.19. For each sample, at least four specimens were tested.20. The decrease of the fracture toughness enhancements could result from the degradation in the dispersion quality of GO at higher fille
12、r loadings 12. The results indicate that the enhancement of fracture toughness were greatly dependent on the weight fraction and the size of the GO sheets.21. In addition, an enhanced fine dispersion of GOs in the epoxy matrix, which was assisted by sonication, also reduced the fire retardant effect
13、s of GO.22. Here, we report the size effect of graphene on the performance enhancement of DSSCs.23. The dependence of the size of graphene sheets on the cell performance was investigated.24. It can be concluded that the surface-to-volume ratio of EG fillers played a deciding role in the striking imp
14、rovement of thermalconductivity of the composites.25. This behavior can presumably be attributed to the strong interlayer hydrogen bonds between the oxygen functional groups of adjacent graphene oxide layers in GO.26.Significantly, the FT-IR spectra of iGOs do not contain signals associated with the
15、 isocyanate group (22752263 cm1), indicating that the treatment of GO with phenyl isocyanate results in chemical reactions and not mere absorption/intercalation of the organic isocyanate.27. The development in this field will speed the applications of graphene.28. Though numerous efforts have been m
16、ade, the final target is still a dream29. and different reduction processes result in different properties that in turn affect the final performance of materials or devices composed of rGO. Though the final target to achieve perfect graphene is hard to reach, research efforts have continuously made
17、it closer.30. These reports open an easy way for the mass-production of graphene.31. Furthermore, the reduction in colloid state does not result in the aggregation of rGO sheets as produced by hydrazine, which is beneficial for further applications32. As a merit, this could avoid the use of dangerou
18、s reductants (e.g. hydrazine) and eliminate byproducts33. In a hydrothermal process, overheated supercritical (SC) water can play the role of reducing agent and offers a green chemistry alternative to organic solvents34. To further improve or optimize the reduction effect for some special purposes,
19、multi-step reduction has been proposed.35. This is an attractive route for the mass-scale production and applications of graphene.36The restored conjugated structure of graphene sheets provided them with greatly increased amount of - stacking sites to form extremely strong bindings between each othe
20、r.37. A polystyrenegraphene composite formed by this route exhibits a percolation threshold10 of ,0.1 volume percent for room-temperature electrical conductivity, the lowest reported value for any carbon-based composite except for those involving carbon nanotubes.38. Previous studies by our team hav
21、e shown that a mild ultrasonic treatment of graphite oxide in water results in its exfoliation to form stable aqueous dispersions that consist almost entirely of 1-nm-thick sheets(Fig. 1b)39. The quality of nanofiller dispersion in the polymer matrix directly correlates with its effectiveness for im
22、proving mechanical, electrical, thermal, impermeability and other properties.40. In contrast, graphite oxide can be readily prepared from a vast array of graphites, and its industrial production has also recently become a topic of interest.41. We therefore expect that our method for preparation and
23、incorporation of individual graphene sheets into polymer matrices will lead to the further development of a broad new class of materials with enhanced properties and even introduce new functionalities to polymer composites.42. Due to the obstruction of Fe3O4 NPs between the basal planes of graphene
24、nanosheets, the conductivity of grapheneFe3O4 is lower than that of HRG or modified graphene paper samples (in the range of 102-104 S/m).43. In this context, the abbreviation of SBR/GO(x) represents the composite filled with x phr of GO, and the notation of SBR/G(x) represents the composite containi
25、ng x phr of reduced graphene.44. Graphite oxide was prepared by oxidizing natural graphite based on a modified Hummers method, following our previous work.45. In polymer composites, the dispersion of the filler and interfacial interactions are critical to the properties of the composites.46. As show
26、n in Figures 3b and 3d, the fractured surfaces of SBR/G3 and SBR/G7 exhibit distinctly different characteristics.46. However, the cost of nanoparticles, their availability and the challenges that remain to achieve good dispersion pose significant obstacles to these goals.47. Thus, it is necessary to
27、 carry out surface functionalization to change the hydrophilic character of GO.48. Because SGO was washed repeatedly with pure DMF to remove any residual free BTESPT molecules, the absorption peaks mentioned above can be attributed to the BTESPT molecules that are covalently bonded onto the GO surfa
28、ces.49. Although SGO shows some aggregation as the loading is up to 2 wt%, it is still quite uniformly dispersed.50.Compared with these studies, SGO has much stronger reinforcement effect at far lower filler loading. It is also worth mentioning that the ultimate strain of the SGO/NR and GO/NR nanoco
29、mposites remains almost unchanged when the filler loading is lower than 0.5 wt%, thereafter it shows a slight decrease, as shown in Fig. 8(b).51.Their final properties are ruled by filler morphology and dispersion as well as by its interfacial interaction with the polymer.52.The platelets are assemb
30、led on the latex particles giving rise to spheres with a coreshell structure with a partial or complete covering depending on graphene amount.53.An idealized schematic representation of the two different morphologies is reported in Figure 2.54.This evidence further strengthens the finding that the s
31、egregated morphology is more effective in increasing the gas barrier properties of the samples.55. The study reported a decrease in electrical properties due to wrapping of the insulative silane molecules on the tubes.56. This protocol has broad application potential in graphenebased polymer nanocom
32、posites, in particular because of the low cost of graphite and the versatility of both diazonium addition and ATRP.57. All samples were cut into the dumbbell shape with a razor blade.More than five tests were conducted for each sample, from which the mean values and standard deviations were derived.
33、58. The protocol is believed to offer possibilities for optimizing the processing properties and interface structure of graphene-polymer nanocomposites.59. Then, water was removed under vacuum at 50 C for several days to yield the G-NIM.60. For the G-NIM, there is no weight loss below 150 C, suggest
34、ing that the G-NIM is virtually void of water.61. The increase in the thickness can be rationalized in terms of the coverage of the M2070 canopy on graphene.62. To make the HTVSR conductive enough for practical use, it is necessary to integrate conductive fillers into the HTVSR matrix.63. In each case, three different samples were tested at ambient temperature, and the mean was given.64.No significant effects of aspect ratio on thermal stability of PS/MWNT nanocomposites were observed.
