1、引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等定义:如果一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句.第一部分：常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised me.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hast been decided yet.（4） Whom we
2、must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever you did is right.（7）Whose watch was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小结:（1)引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等（2)连词位于句首不能省略（3)主语从句大多数情况下视为单三,但也有例外,如例9
3、第二部分：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meet
4、ing.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we wont be able to go to the south to spend our vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident. （9）It is said that he has gone to Taiwan.(=He is said to have gone to Taiwan) （10）It is known to all
5、 that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小结:（1)以that 引出的主语从句,常
6、以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句.（2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done)例句4,5,6,11.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连词：that（无任何词意）whether, if均表示“是否”表明从句内容
7、的不确定性）as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which. whichever, whomever连接副词：when, where, how, why不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下，w
8、hether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or notWhether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二. 主语从句1. 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whateve
9、r，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。Where the English evening will b
10、e held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。2. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句It is believed that 25 years after construction, the building was dismantled and moved timber b
11、y timber to the South Bank of the Thames, where a reconstruction of the theatre now stands.据信经过25年的建设后,该建筑物将被拆处.并且该建筑物的一砖一石将被移到泰唔士河的南岸.重建的戏剧院现在正座落于此。It is thought the cost of this lost labour is around 1 billion (10 billion yuan) to businesses and the economy.大家一直认为这次对贸易和经济失去劳动力的损失的费用应该在10亿英镑（人民币100
12、亿元）It is not known how many of the 59 million words Mr Shea has remembered but he has certainly made history with his eccentric hobby.在590万的词汇中Mr.Shea到底记住了多少不得为知,但是她却以这样的怪癖创造了历史。（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句3. 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natu
13、ral, strange, etc.) that It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) thatIt is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that4. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the fil
14、m. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.5. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。(1) What you said yesterday is right. (2) That she is still alive is a consolation.名词性从句-宾语从句;表语从
15、句(2009-03-18 22:15:32) 转载三、宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 作动词的宾语:1). 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略, 例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决
16、不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。Experts think that Shakespeare himself acted at the theatre. 专家认为莎士比亚本人是在戏剧中担任角色的。Speaking to the BBC, he said that an Oscar nomination would be so exciting.他向BBC说奥斯卡的提名是令人激动人心的。However, President Obama continued to say that America would r
17、espond to the challenges.可是,奥巴马总统继续说美国将对这次挑战做出反应。The mayor of Derry, Gerard Diver, thought the events were extremely important, not just for the Chinese community, but to everyone in Derry.得瑞的市长Derard Diver认为这些事件是特别重要,不仅仅是对中国的社区,而且对得瑞的每一个人都很重要。People are determined to welcome the Niu Year in style a
18、nd hope the Year of the Ox will bring prosperity through fortitude and hard work.人们坚定地去迎接牛年的到来，并且希望在牛年通过他们的艰苦的工作将给他们带来繁荣。We think it is the most perfect heart-shaped island in the world.我们认为它将是世界上最完美的像心形状的岛屿。Well, today I have to say spring is in the air - which means there is a feeling around us th
19、at spring is coming好吧，今天我要说春意盎然，那将意为我们有一种感觉那就是春天来了。2). 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生什么事了。I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道是否你能为我换开这张钞票。After such a stirring speech, the world waits to see if Americas new presidents actions will match hi
20、s lofty words and ideals.在聆听美国总统激动人心的演讲之后，世人将试目以待是否美国的新总统将言行一致。3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.她告诉我她将接受邀请。2. 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功将取决与我们是否能合作的成功。3. 作形容词的宾语例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 我恐怕我已犯了
21、错误。That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命
22、令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：I want to
23、 know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语
24、时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test.问题是我们是否应该对这次测试有一个较低的评价。Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will come or
25、not. 我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时
26、）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so.
27、 我相信他不会这样做。四、表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。That is why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It loo
28、ks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. 他迟到的原因就是他今天早上错过了火车一分钟。【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。名词性从句引导词的基本用法下表对高考中常见的名词性从句的引导词进行了总结： 名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况连接代词
29、： what, which, who, whom, whose连接副词： when, where, why, howwhat, which在从句中作主语、 宾语、 表语或定语； who在从句中作主语、 表语； whom在从句中作宾语； whose在从句中作定语；when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间、 地点、 原因状语、 方式状语连词that否连词whether, if否名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结： 1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时， 即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词
30、(主要包括when, where, why, how)。注意体会如下例句： Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的。/ Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道。/ Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了?/ He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家。/ Where we can look
31、 up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。/ Why he did that wasnt quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。/ How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注： (1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么？”的问题， 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思， 这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的w
32、hat”， 注意体会如下例句：He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。/ This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方。/ What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界。/ Our income is now double what (=the inc
33、ome that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。/ The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同。(2) 带ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外， 还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句， 不可以引导名词性从句)， 注意体会以下例句： Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight
34、.无论谁想看这部电影， 今晚都可以和我们一起去。/ You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。/ All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿， 你愿借哪本就借哪本。/ Ill do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么， 我就做什么。2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句， that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分； 引导宾语从句时that常可省略，
35、 但引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句时that通常不被省略。例如： She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达。(宾语从句)That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心。(主语从句)I have the belief that I will succeed. 我怀有必胜的信念。(同位语从句)that， what引导名词性从句的区别在于： that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分， 在有的情况下可以省略； what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、 宾语、 表语或者定语
36、， 而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略。例如： That he will succeed is obvious. 显然， 他会成功。(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的。(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句， 且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分。在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换， 但在引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句、 介词后的宾语从句、 放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性
37、从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词。注意体会下列例句： I dont know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你。(宾语从句)/ Whether we can really help you, I dont know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你， 我还不知道。(位于句首的宾语从句)/ The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girls feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心。(介词后的宾语从句)/ The question is whether
38、they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作。(表语从句)/ The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来， 这个问题必须定下来。(同位语从句)/ The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会。(包含or not的宾语从句)注意： 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接w
39、hether/if引导的宾语从句， 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引导的宾语从句， 例如： I doubt whether its true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的。/ I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的。/ I dont doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实。/ She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑。形容词性从句（定语从句）（复合句考查的重点） 定语从句是主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词）
40、的从句，所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词或关系副词；介词关系代词以及非限制性定语从句。具体考点如下： 考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）和关系副词(as,when,where,why)等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。 1.指物只能用that不用which的情况 1).当先行词是不定代词时,如: all,little,much,none,one,everyone,something,anything,everything,nothi
41、ng等。 2).当先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,little,few,no,等修饰时。 3).当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 4).在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中。 5)当定语从句为therebe句型时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略。 Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoBeijing. 6).当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词只能用that。 WhoisthegirlthatistalkingwithMr.Brown？ 7).如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，
42、关系代词用that。 Wearetalkingaboutthepeopleandcountriesthatwehavevisited. 8).当先行词在定语从句中做表语时，关系代词只能用that,也可以省略。如： Chinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas. 2.指物只能用which不用that的情况 1).在非限制性定语从句中 2).在介词后面 3.指人时只能用who不用that的情况 1).先行词为one,ones或anyone. 2).先行词为those. 3).在therebe开头的句子中。Eg:ThereisamanwhocalledhimselfMr.Wuatt
43、hegate.4).在非限制性定语从句中。 4.“thesame.as”,“such.as”中的as可以指人或物，作从句的主语、宾语、表语或介词的宾语。如： Suchmoneyasheearnedwasspentonspiritsandtobacco. Isthisthesamemosquitoasbityoujustnow? Hewasnothalfsuchacowardaswetookhimfor. 5.why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和becauseof。其结构一般为thereasonwhyisth
44、at，或者thereasonthatisthat，如： Hedidnottellusthereasonwhyhewaslateagain. Thereasonwhy（that）hedidntcomeisthathewasill.状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, whi
45、le, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when (1)I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.(2)While John was watching TV, his wife was cookin
46、g.(3)The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.(4)No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.(5)Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2 地点状语从句常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere(1)Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.(2)Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considerin
