1、2018年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,its a necessary condition_(1)many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc
2、.On the other hand,putting your_(2)in the wrong place often carries a high_(3)._(4),why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good._(5)people place their trust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormone that_(6)pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct
3、 thatleads sheep to flock together for safety andprompts humans to_(7)with one another.SwissScientists have found that exposure_(8)this hormone puts us in a trusting_(9):In a study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher
4、 amounts of money to strangers than were their_(10)who inhaled something else._(11)for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may_(12)us.A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate_(13)a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each_(14)to a
5、n adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,“Whats in here?”before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject was then invited to look_(15).Half of them found a toy;the other half_(16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had_(17)them.Among the
6、 children who had not been tricked,the majority were_(18)to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill,demonstrating that they trusted his leadership._(19),only five of the 30 children paired with the_(20)tester participated in a follow-up activity.1.AonBLikeCforDfrom2.AfaithBConcernCattentio
7、nDinterest3.AbenefitBdebtChopeDprice4.AThereforeBThenCInsteadDAgain5.AUntilBUnlessCAlthoughDWhen6.AselectsBproducesCappliesDmaintains7.AconsultBCompeteCconnectDcompare8.AatBbyCofDto9.AcontextBmoodCperiodDcircle10.AcounterpartsBsubstitutesCcolleaguesDsupporters11.AFunnyBLuckyCOddDIronic12.AmonitorBPr
8、otectCsurpriseDdelight13.AbetweenBwithinCtowardDover14.ATransferredBaddedCintroducedDentrusted15.AoutBbackCaroundDinside16.ADiscoveredBProvedCinsistedDremembered17.AbetrayedBwrongedCfooledDmocked18.AforcedBwillingChesitantDentitled19.AIn contrastBAs a resultCOn the wholeDFor instance20.AinflexibleBi
9、ncapableCunreliableDunsuitableSectionReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40 points）Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably
10、go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high risk of being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.Lower-income
11、 jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineeringhave aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own the robots,so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval has be
12、nefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation should eventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving dow
13、n prices,and free workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculumsfrom grammar school to college
14、-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training
15、 and instruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to revive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previous eras of drastic t
16、echnological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of 3D printers and virtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between ca
17、pital income and labor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for job creation,and reduce inequality.Technolog
18、y will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.【题干】Who
19、will be most threatened by automation?【选项】ALeading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.22.【题干】Which of the following best represent the authors view?【选项】AWorries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising
20、 from automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.【题干】Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on_.【选项】Acreative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.【题干】The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at_.【选项】A
21、encouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.25.【题干】In this text,the author presents a problem with_.【选项】Aopposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impact
22、s.Dits major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a presidents social media platform
23、.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust has risen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the pol
24、itically critical state of Michigan was fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted for Buzz Feed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fa
25、ct from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespecially those that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a g
26、reat deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found that young peo
27、ples reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in pass
28、ing along information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual ne
29、ws”via social mediaIn other words,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting pres
30、ident,they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skillsand in their choices on when to share on social media.26.【题干】According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubts on【选项】Athe justification of the news-filtering practice.Bpeoples preference for social media platforms.Cthe admini
31、strations ability to handle information.Dsocial media was a reliable source of news.27.【题干】The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning to【选项】AAsharpenBdefineCboastDshare28.【题干】According to the knight foundation survey,young people【选项】Atend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.Bverify ne
32、ws by referring to diverse resources.Chave s strong sense of responsibility.Dlike to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.【题干】The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is【选项】Areaders outdated values.BJournalists biased reportingCreaders misinterpretationDJournalists made-u
33、p stories.30.【题干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text?【选项】AA Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineBA Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendCThe Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.DThe Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-mind
34、ed assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains National Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in the world.The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,but
35、 it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against that background that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patien
36、ts In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Further arrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinis
37、ed to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleanedThere are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.Ms.Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NH
38、S trust,since under existing law it“controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processedit.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not the mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data tha
39、t our lives now generate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of
40、 privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.This practice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed
41、 them using public resources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.A long struggle will be ne
42、eded to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms.Denhams report is a welcome start.31.【题干】Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?【选项】AIt caused conflicts among tech giants.BIt failed to pay due attention to patients rights.CIt fell short of the latters expectationsDIt put both sides
43、 into a dangerous situation.32.【题干】The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict with【选项】Aempty promises.Btough resistance.Cnecessary adjustments.Dsincere apologies.33.【题干】The author argues in Paragraph 2 that【选项】Aprivacy protection must be secured at all costs.Bleaking patients data is worse than sell
44、ing it.Cmaking profits from patients data is illegal.Dthe value of data comes from the processing of it34.【题干】According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is【选项】Athe vicious rivalry among big pharmas.Bthe ineffective enforcement of privacy law.Cthe uncontrolled use of new so
45、ftware.Dthe monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.【题干】The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is【选项】Aambiguous.Bcautious.Cappreciative.DContemptuous.Text 4The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net loss of$5.6 billion for fiscal 2016,the 10th st
46、raight year its expenses have exceeded revenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly for employee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand
47、 for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exert self-interested pressure on the USPSs ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend on get protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years,leaving the Postal S
