1、定语从句,定语从句的三大特征,They are a special kind of doctors who operate on sick people . They repair the organs that no longer work properly. They want to get the same kind of clothes as these fashion models wear. Businessmen usually work in an office, where they plans business activities. I lived in the room
2、 whose window faces south. （定语从句）后置修饰，紧跟其后。 （定语从句）有关系词连接主句和从句。定语从句缺少一个成分。,关系代词 Whose + 名词 = the +名词of which/whom = of which/ whom + the +名词,The students, whose classroom is next to us, are learning English.改写？,关系代词的省略,基本规律 - 关系代词在从句中充当宾语。介词 +关系代词 - 关系代词不可省略。非限定性定语从句 - 关系代词不可省略。关系代词填空（能省略的省略不填）Do you
3、 know the student _ I often talk with?He gave money to the porter _ carried his bag.Can you suggest a time in _ it will be convenient to meet?John, _ you met last night, was arrested by the police.,关系副词,满足以下两个条件 1从句不缺少主语宾语成分，缺少状语。 2 先行词是时间名词when先行词是地点名词where先行词是The reason whyWhen/where = 介词+whichWhy
4、= for which I still remember the day when we first met. The city where he was born is on the new railway line. This is the reason why he left the company.,定语从句使用的 注意事项,事项1） 关系代词只用 that不用which,1) 当先行词被最高级或序数词修饰时。This is the best book that Ive ever read. 2) 当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing，all等不定代词
5、He will do everything that he can to help that fatherless child.,3) 当先行词被 only, very, just等词修饰时。 This is the very book that Ive been looking for. The only furniture that he had in the room was a bed. 4) 当先行词既指人又指物时。We talked about the things and persons that we remembered.,事项1） 关系代词只用 that不用which,事项
6、1）关系代词只用 that,5)语法重要原则 避免重复，关系代词只能用 that。Who that has common sense will do such a thing?Who is the girl that is shaking hands with our teacher? 6) 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。He is not the man that he used to be.The modern plane is not the machine that it was when first invented.,事项2）：先行词是人称代词he 、指示代词those、不定代词
7、anyone、everyone、nobody等常用who指代,不用that。,Those who dont wish to go need not do so. He who has not reach the Great Wall is not a true man. Anyone who hasnt paid the money before the deadline will be fined.,事项3） 不能用关系代词 that,1) 在非限制性定语从句中，(逗号后面)不能用关系代词 that。 （who, whom指人，which指物） The book was written by
8、 Lu Xun, who was a great writer. 2) 介词关系代词提前，不能用关系代词 that。指物时用 which，指人时用 whom (不可用who)。The house in which he lives is not far from here.The man to whom my mother is talking is my teacher.,事项4） 修饰先行词 the way 的三种方法,the way in which / that / x 定语从句 Can you show me the way in which you make paper flowe
9、rs?Can you show me the way that you make paper flowers?Can you show me the way ( x ) you make paper flowers?,事项5） Which可指代主句的整个句子 表示主句所产生的结果， ，and that,Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light. They did rather badly in the math exam, which was not what I had expected. 练习 The child kept on making
10、the same mistake, _ filled his Dad and Mom with anger. The bag, _ color is red and white, is for my daughter. Have you ever asked him the reason _ may explain his absence? October 1, 1949 was the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.,事项6） as在定语从句中的用法,as和which在非限制性定语从句中都可以指代主句整个句子的内容，as通常放
11、句首，句中有时也可以，which只能放句尾。As还有一些常用的词组： As is known to all As is well known As is often the case As is reported As often happens As can be seen The boy failed in the exam, _ made his parents disappointed. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin. _ is known to all, the earth is round. _ is kno
12、wn to all that the earth is round. *,事项6） as在定语从句中的用法,区分 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.,1. suchas 定语从句suchthat 结果状从 They talked in such simple English as children could understand. They talked in such simple English that children could understan
13、d it. 练习： Dont talk about such things _ you do not understand. I have the same idea _ you have. This is so hard a problem _ nobody can work out. This is so hard a problem _ nobody can work it out .,事项6） as在定语从句中的用法,事项7） 强调句VS定语从句,It is/wasthat 固定框架 被强调部分 不做任何改动 其余部分 照抄 判断标准 去掉框架，排列组合后是完整的句子。eg. I me
14、t her in the street last night. 强调部分是人的话，that可以用who/whom来代替 练习： It was October 1,1949 _ China was founded. It was on October 1, 1949 _ China was founded.,事项8）介词提前 Prep. + whom/ which,The family that I stayed with in Rome is coming to England soon. 改写? The baby after whom my mother is looking is my n
15、ephew. 对？错？ Your carelessness with which we have put up is beginning to annoy the teacher. 对？错,名词性从句,名词性从句,1 什么是名词性从句？ 从句在复合句中起名词性作用，称为名词性从句。 2 名词性从句的分类： 主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句及同位语从句。 That they should have different views is natural. The problem is that we are still short of money. He believed what they sai
16、d. The news that his son had been killed in the war was a great shock to her.,主语从句,that 引导的主语从句 That man have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.wh-引导的主语从句(注意从句陈述句语序)How the prisoner escaped is a mystery.What he needs is more experience.Who will be our new director hasnt been de
17、cided.Whether she would play the part is still doubtful. (notice: if 不能放句首引导主语从句),形式主语it It has not been decided yet whether/if she will go by bus or by train. It is not very clear what they are talking about. It remains unknown why he refused the job. 当谓语部分adj为important, necessary, natural, strange
18、, surprising等时, 从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气.It is necessary that a high school student (should) master a foreign language. 当谓语部分p.p.为suggested, ordered, insisted, required等表示建议要求命令时,从句中谓语动词常用虚拟语气. *It is demanded that he (should) be here on time.,表语从句,that 引导的表语从句The fact is that he didnt notice the car till too
19、late. wh- 疑问词引导的表语从句(从句语序陈述)The problem is how scientists can keep in touch with the divers under the sea. as if/ as though引导的表语从句It looks as if its going to rain.,同位语从句,同位语从句是与先行词同位或同等的从句。 先行词常为含有内容的抽象名词如news, fact, truth, conclusion, hope, decision, belief, opinion, belief, view, feeling,etc 注意sug
20、gestion, proposal,etc从句用虚拟语气. N + that 引导的同位语从句* The fact that his health is failing is not true.* He made the suggestion that we (should) leave now. N + wh-引导的同位语从句 * I have no idea how soon they are coming. * Have you any idea where they are having a rehearsal?,that从句不紧跟抽象名词的情况,Word came that she
21、would be allowed to leave the country. An idea occurred to him that he might do the experiment in another way. The rumor spread that a new school would be built there. 注意区别同位语从句和定语从句: 同位语从句that只起连接作用,在从句中不充当成分. 定语从句的that为关系代词既连接句子又充当成分. *I believed the fact that he was honest. *I believed the fact (
22、that) he thought to be true.,宾语从句,that 引导的宾语从句 （that 可省略,但是如有两句宾语从句,则第二个that不能省.） *I hope (that) you will enjoy your stay here. *I understand (that) you have studied Chinese and that you have written Chinese poetry,too.*I suggest (that) your brother (should) book the tickets.notice: suggest, demand,
23、 insist, order,wish, propose, require, advise,urge etc表示“决定，要求，命令”后跟的宾语从句要用虚拟语气.,但suggest作“暗示,使人联想”解, insist作“坚持认为”时,宾语从句用陈述语气. *He suggested we (should) offer more courses to the students. *His puzzled expression suggested he didnt understand what I meant. *I insisted he (should) wash hands before
24、lunch. *I insisted I had taken the early train that morning.,宾语从句,wh- 引导和介词后跟的宾语从句 *She asked what second language I was studying then. *I wonder whether/if there is any need to spend so much money on the party. *She will write a book on how young mothers should raise their babies. *I know nothing a
25、bout it except what you told me. *He often goes out for a walk after dinner except when it rains.,That 引导宾语从句的其它几种情况,如果宾语从句后跟有补语,常用it作形式宾语,而将从句放到补语之后.We consider it necessary that the instrument (should) be adjusted each time it is used. that 宾语从句也可用在某些带有先行词it作宾语的固定搭配之后.You will see to it that the e
26、ngine does not get out of order.(务必，保证) She took it for granted that he came and helped her.,当主句谓语动词为assume,believe, expect, guess, imagine, suppose, think 等表示“认为,猜想”的动词时,其后的宾语从句若带有否定意义,通常应将否定词前移至主句谓语上.I dont suppose that anyone will object to the plan. 在有doubt, doubtful后的宾语从句中,如果主句为肯定句,宾语从句的连接词常用wh
27、ether或if; 如果主句为否定句,宾语从句的连接词要用that. *I doubt whether he will come. *I dont doubt that we shall be able to do something for you. 但有时肯定句中也能跟that引导的从句“恐怕不会” *I doubt that John will come.,That 引导宾语从句的其它几种情况,介词后面所跟的宾语从句,that 通常不能跟在介词后面作宾语,但是在介词in,except,和but之后可以跟that 从句,但多看作固定用法:in that(因为,在方面),except tha
28、t(除了),but that(要不是)*Criticism is necessary in that it helps to correct our mistakes. *I know nothing about the man except that he is an Indian.*He would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.,宾语从句不能省略that的情况,固定词组和句型中 consider/ find/ feel/ think + it + adj. + that see to it that
29、take it for granted that make it possible/ clear/ known that in that except that but that,在动词agree, argue, assure, hold, indicate, maintain, inform, object, suggest等后接宾从，that不省 * The scientist held that the drug was dangerous. 句型：assure/ remind/ inform sb that 谓语动词后有两个或多个并列的宾从，第二个起that不省,宾语从句不能省略tha
30、t的情况,what 引导的从句作主语，一般动词用单数，但是如果be动词后的表语是名词，则动词单复数由表语决定。What he did _（be) unknown to us.What we need _（be) useful books. 两个连词引导一个动作用单数谓语动词 eg. When and where we will hold the meeting has not been decided yet. 两件事情（两个动作）用复数谓语动词 eg. What he says and what he does are different.,主谓一致,what引导的名词性从句，可有两种意义：
31、 1） 保持原有的疑问意义 eg. I dont know what he wants. 2） 表“所的东西/事情” eg. Thats what he wants.wh-ever的连接代词起强调作用（任何）。eg. Whoever(=Anyone who) makes mistakes must correct them.eg. You can take whichever room you prefer.,状语从句,时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 目的状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句 方式状语从句 比较状语从句,状语从句起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或
32、副词。状语从句由从属连词引导，从属连词在句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。,when的几个特殊用法： = and at that moment, 表示在某一时刻突然、意料之外地发生某事。“突然”，“正在这时” 常见结构：be doingbe going to do whenbe about to dobe on the point of doing I was just going to bed when the telephone rang. I was about to go to sleep when there was a knock on the window.,时间状从,hardl
33、y/ scarcely/ barely when =no sooner than （主句常用倒装） I had hardly told him the secret when I regretted.Hardly had I No sooner had I ,while 引导延续性动作，常为进行时，引导的时间状语从句只能表示“一段”时间。 While he was reading , I was cooking the dinner. 判断正误 When he got the bad news, he burst into tears. While he got the bad news, h
34、e burst into tears.as “随着”，表两个发展、变化（伴随）的情况。 He gets more attractive as he gets older. As time passed, his condition seemed to get better.,Before的用法 It + be+ time+ before某事在.(时间后）才发生 It was several minutes before we realized what was happening. ( 主过去；从过去） It will be a while before we know the results
35、.（主将从现） 表示 “没过多久就”或 “过了很久才” It wasnt long before he told us everything. It was long before I knew the result.,since的用法,eg. Three years have passed since he entered the university. It is ten years since he joined the army. It is since 和It has been since 可换用。since从句中的谓语动词若是延续性的，常表示状态、动作的终止。 eg. Its be
36、en two years since I lived here.,until/till,Not until 直到才(主句谓语动词是非延续性动词) Not until he returned to the school did he know that he failed the exam. = He did not know that he failed the exam until he returned to the school. = It was not until he returned to the school that he knew that he failed the ex
37、am. （倒装不强调，强调不倒装） Until 直到为止（主句谓语动词是延续性动词） The ticket is valid until March. He waited until she had finished speaking.,时间状语从句: when, while ,as Hardly/Scarcely/ Barely when; No sooner than Each time/Every time; Whenever; The first time/the last time/ (the) next time Immediately ;Directly; once; as so
38、on as;The moment/ instant/ minute/ second (一就) Before; after; (ever) since Until, till (till不能放句首） by the time,It/ This is the first/ only time that 完成时 It was the fourth time he had rung her. This is the first time that I have ever been abroad. The first time I went abroad, I was very excited . The
39、 last time he rang her, she was out. It is time for the children to go to bed. It is time the children went to bed.(虚拟语气),地点状语从句:where,She was standing where you are standing now. She was standing in the place where you are standing now. This is where the tradition started.,wherever, everywhere, any
40、where,Everywhere they went, they were kindly received. I will meet you anywhere you like. Wherever there is injustice, we try to help.,原因状从 because, since, as 语气渐弱,because表示强烈的因果关系,直接原因；在回答why引起的问句时，只能用because. since，as 表示的多为既成已知事实。 Since you dont like it, let me take this one. We asked Philip to co
41、me with us, as he knew the road. He didnt go with us because he was ill. for引导并列句，说明推断的理由，提供推测依据， (不可放句首） 。,练习： It must have rained, it is wet on the ground. The car stopped suddenly there was little petrol in the tank. The reason is _ he was ill. It was _he was ill that he didnt go with us.,短语连接词引导
42、的原因状语从句,now that 既然(放句首) seeing (that), considering (that ) 考虑到 on the ground that for the reason that in that 因为、在于,结果状语从句,so that, so that She was so angry that she couldnt speak. such that (to such a degree/ extent that) It was such a foggy day that we could hardly see the road. Such a foggy day
43、was it that The house price rose to such an extent that many people could not afford to buy one. To such an extent did the house price rose that The weather was such that I could not go out. Such was the weather that ,目的状语,in order that, so that 共性/ 区别 He told us to keep quiet so that we might not d
44、isturb others. In order that we might lest =for fear that=in case “以防”，“以免” （从句与may, might, should等情态动词连用） Hes working hard for fear that he should fail.,so that 结果/目的,The stones were covered with dust so that it was impossible to read the names on them. Shes studying English at night school so that
45、 she can go to university. So that 引导目的状语，常与may, can, will, could, might 等情态动词连用。,条件状语从句,If Unless= if not As long as=so long as 只要 On condition that 条件是 Suppose / supposing (that)假如 Provided/ Providing (that)假若 given that 考虑到 Granted that 假定,if only/ only if,Ill tell you only if you dont tell anyon
46、e else. He might have survived if only he had been able to open the door. If only I were you! Only if : 只要 If only : 要是（就好了）；但愿。(虚拟语气),让步状语从句,although, though Even if =Even though= though 即使，尽管 In spite of the fact that Regardless of the fact that WhileWhile I understand your viewpoint, I dont agree
47、 with you. I earn 50 dollars a week, while she earns 80 dollars. 而，却,由as, though引导的让步状语从句,Although he is busy, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule. 倒装结构：adj./adv./ v./n.（不带冠词） as + 主 谓. Busy as/though he is, he can fulfill the task ahead of schedule. Child as he is, he knows a lot about comput
48、er. Much as I traveled, I have never seen a better one. Try as you may, you cant do it by yourself.,whetheror引导让步状语从句,Whether my parents agree or not, I will study abroad. Whether it is rainy or shining, I must go. 1.从句通常不用将来时(主将从现) 2.有时可省略为be引导的让步状语从句 Be it rainy or shining, I must go.,Wh-ever= No
49、matter + wh-,Whoever he is, I must tell him the truth.= No matter who he is, I must tell him the truth. Whoever comes late will be punished. Whoever comes late, he will be punished.,方式状语从句,as； just as，so 像一样，正如 I will work as the hero did. Just as the British like soccer, so the Americans like footb
50、all. the way (that) He was looking at her in a way (that) she did not recognize. Please pronounce the word the way she does. as if=as though 似乎是;好像是(后可直接跟adj./adv./介词短语/分词/不定式) She closed her eyes as if (she was) tired. He treats me as if I were a stranger. He opened his mouth as if to say something.,
