1、2011届高考写作讲座,人大附中蔡芳Apr. 19, 2011,近五年北京高考作文题型,2011北京 高考写作,命题形式：情景作文，开放作文 写作内容：人、自然、社会 能力要求： 语言能力（正确运用词、句、法等准确地道地传达信息） 思维能力（逻辑性，严谨性） 交际能力（文体意识，读者意识，写作意识） 应试能力（熟知写作策略和篇章技巧 ）,Organize their work in clear paragraphs Connect sentences and paragraphs using linking expressions Avoid repetition Use a good var
2、iety of vocabularies and grammatical structures,Good Writers,情景作文 写作,（一）图画/表提示类写作： 1记叙类（日记，周记，书信，话题） 2对比类（今昔对比、正反观点对比、数据分析对比） 3图表类（客观描述类、对比描述类） 4地点类 （城市介绍、地点路线介绍） （二）文字提示类写作： 1记叙文（人物类，夹叙夹议类） 2说明文（方位、对比） 3应用文（书信、邮件、通知、便条） 4议论文（表格对比）,分 类,一、内容要点： 1. 住房 2. 上学 3. 就餐 4. 锻炼 二、说明： 1. 内容要点可用不同方式表达。 2. 对紧扣主题的
3、适当发挥不予扣分。,得分点： 内容要点的完整性 上下文的连贯、词汇和句式的多样性 语言的准确性扣分点：？,要点不全 时态不对 逻辑不通 语言不准,情景作文,1）分类： 个人活动或集体活动； 一天活动或一周活动； 一次活动或多段活动； 过去活动、目前活动或将来活动； 命题活动或主题活动（“伦敦游学”）,1、记叙类（四图/多图）,2）审题：从两部分入手。,审文字，确定： 文体： 日记：在正文之前，先依次有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况周记：非日记，周末的时间指周五-周日；或者完整的一周,Saturday ,May 4,2002 Cloudy,2010年高考 情景作文(20分) 假设你是红星中学高二(
4、1)班的学生李华，利用上周末的时间帮助祖父母安排了去北戴河的旅行。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，叙述你从准备到送行的全过程。,2）审题：从两部分入手。,话题作文（英文稿件-命题/主题）：注意什么？,语言要求比较正式,2008高考 情景作文 （20分）假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华，为校刊英语园地写一篇题为“Our Spring Outing” 的英文稿件。 请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，叙述上周你们班从准备春游到春游结束的完整过程。,2009高考 情景作文 （20分） 假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华为响应绿化祖国的号召, 你班四月十二日去郊区植树。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序
5、, 介绍植树活动的全过程, 给某英文杂志的“绿色行动”专栏写一篇以“Green Action in Our Class”为题的英文稿件。,2）审题：从两部分入手。,书信、邮件、发言稿：注意什么？,交际性原则,书信： I m very delighted to inform you that. I have the pleasure to tell you that I look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience. Please write to me soon and tell me about your life there
6、.,通知： Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls. Attention ,please ! May I have your attention please ? Please be quiet, everyone, there is something I have to tell you. Any questions? Does everyone understand? Thats all .Thank you.,人称： 自己经历：第一人称他人经历：第三人称时态：叙述经历：一般过去时，但可以多样化抒发感受：一般现在时/一般过去时,结构：三段式，总-分-总开
7、头段：点题，交待活动的背景包括时间、地点、人物等(when, where, who )主体段：描述活动过程，注意按图示顺序描述，注意分层处理图片，注意小段落结构结尾段：议论，包括结题，归纳、总结或思想提升,总-分-总,审图：确定： a) 要点-必要细节-可添加细节 注意什么？,2011年一模情景作文,审图：确定： b) 结构：详略得当，主次分明，突出主题,伦敦游学,详写游学环节，学与游可以同步进行或者分步进行,审图：注意：图中文字-图中人物-图中数字-图中图-图角标示,3）表达技巧：,例：2010届二模情景作文 假设你是某所中学的学生，3月22日（世界水日）你参加了你班开展的一系列节水宣传活动
8、。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，以日记的形式记录当天的活动内容。注意：开头已给出。词数不少于60。提示词：宣传材料leaflets; 危机 crisis,细节：“集体活动”要注意什么？,社区节水方法座谈会,人物：具有代表性，不能自行命名 符号：如xxx社区，xxx可以表达a neighboring community, 不能直接写xxx; 人数：不要具体写出人数，许多人参加即行 时钟：钟表上的时间是具体的，描述也应该具体；表达可以多样化,“集体活动”要注意什么？,分为两个阶段：准备阶段+活动阶段,注意：图中文字-图中人物-图中图-图角标示,3）表达技巧：,例：分步进行（P3/P4）：In the
9、 coming days, we spent lots of time in Westminster College listening to the introductions to colleges in London and attending lectures on the British culture, from which we really gained a lot. After days of study, we were shown around through the city. It was much too impressive to see the River Th
10、ames flow past the towering Big Ben and the London Eye, where I took countless photos of those famous signts. So if you are interested, come to me after class. By the way, I also bought some souvenirs for you guys.（注意交际性原则）,策略1：添加细节需要紧扣主旨，主次分明，相对集中，分层处理，详略得当。,策略2：过渡衔接方式可以多样化表达。,1）以时间为主线：On the morni
11、ng of,Later in the afternoon,The next day, After a couple of days learning,.On the last day,. 2）以动作顺序为主线：On arriving at ., Soon., Later, Finally. 3) 以空间或地点为主线： Our fantastic journey began at Heathrow Airport., At my home-stay family, In the college, At weekends, we went downtown for sightseeing. On
12、the farewell party in the college,一模作文,忌用议论文过渡语如：last but not least等,P4： 建议：Someone suggested doing.,someone advocated/ proposed/advised/recommended Some while others . such as switching off/turning off the tap，watering flowers with used water,策略3：同一说法注意用不同方式表达,2010二模P4,关水龙： turn off switch off the
13、water faucet fasten the tap keep the tap closed,如何达意？ P4： “用洗菜水浇花” watering flowers with water that washed fruits and vegetables watering flowers with water after having washed fruits and vegetables saving water used to wash fruits and vegetablesusing water several times to do different things,策略4：不
14、会的词汇可以迂回“达意”,2010二模P4,策略5：内容要点可用多样化不同方式进行表达。（非谓语、复合句、倒装、虚拟、强调句等特殊句式）,On arriving at the Heathrow Airport in London, （非谓语）we received a warm welcome from our home-stay family. We were deeply touched by the familys thorough consideration and warm greeting. After we were picked up and brought home by o
15、ur host family, we enjoyed a traditional meal of England that had been well prepared by the family. （复合句+被动语态）Despite the exhaustion from the long flight, we talked and chatted in high spirits during the meal, excited at all the culture shocks we were experiencing. （介词状语+形容词状语）The following days wer
16、e spent in Westminster College where we learnt its history from the introduction given by the scholars.（被动语态+复合句+非谓语） The course we had in the college aroused my interest, broadened my eyesight and greatly improved my spoken English. （did, did and did结构) But the excitement was not finished yet. We s
17、pent quite a long time touring around the historic city. The Big Ben and London Eye were only two of the many great places we visited in London. All the way, we followed the tour guide, took pictures of the attractions and learnt their stories from our tour guide. (did, did and did结构) On the last da
18、y of the trip we threw a Farewell Party, where we and all our home-stay family members gave terrific performances together. (复合句)The days in London will always be a precious piece of memory in my mind and I hope I have passed my happiness to all of you!Thats all. Thank you!,一模作文,1）分类：今昔对比、 正反观点对比、数据
19、分析对比2）审题：文体：对比类记叙文/说明文/议论文时态：一般过去时；一般现在时；现在完成时人称：根据文字提示而定,2、对比类,结构：三段式：今昔对比：主题句-描述过去情况-描述现在情况-总结句正反观点对比：提出问题-介绍两种不同观点-对两种不同观点的论据逐项进行对比-个人观点及理由数据分析对比：提出现象-数据对比-得出结论,2、对比类,3）表达技巧： a) 采用何种对比方式？b)如何过渡？c)语言特点？,策略1： (1)集中比较或对比（集中说明一个对象的诸种特征） (2)逐条比较或对比（一条一条地说明两者的异同）,Compared with Different from Unlike; be
20、sides on the other hand just on the opposite whats more/worse In short/brief/conclusion,策略2：突出主题句、支持方，层次分明，语言简洁，用词准确,used to, but now in the past, but now once, but now, Weve had a fierce discussion over whether we should make friends online. Opinions are divided on the question. Opinions on this po
21、int differ from person to person. . Every coin has two sides., 76% of the students agree to have a try, while/whereas 24% disagree with the idea. The supporters think . Whats more,. Moreover,. However, those against the idea argue that for the following reasons. Firstly, Secondly,今昔对比,观点对比,数据分析,语言,赞
22、成： agree to/with; be for; support; be in favor of；approve of, 赞成者：supporters/defenders/ boosters/proponents/ those who are for/disagree with/disapprove of 反对： object to; disagree to/ with; be against；be opposed to sth； 反对者: opponents/objectors/ rejecter/those who are against/disagree with/disapprove
23、 of,策略3：同一说法注意用不同方式表达。,3、图表类,1）分类：客观描述类 对比变化类（描述+议论类图表） 2）审题：时态：调查结果：客观性描述，一般现在时人称：描述部分第三人称；议论部分第一人称结构：描述占2/3；议论1/3,图表作文结构,开头段：开门见山：点明图表所反映的主题。调查活动及内容简介 主体段：描写数据：分类描写或对比描写，注意层次 结尾段：根据其中一个或两个数据谈论自己的看法 （议论） 分析趋势、原因、影响或结果,语言,常用词汇：table, chart, pie/line/bar/graph, figure, describe, tell, show, represent
24、 过渡句：Its clear from the chart thatWe can draw the conclusion thatWe can learn/know 连接词：对比：while, but, however, on the contrary, in contrast to, compareto/with, asas, the same as, similar to, different from归纳：In conclusionin shortgenerally speakingin generalgenerally on the whole ,上升到： v. increase (t
25、o) / rise (to) /climb (to)/go up (to)/ boom (to) go up to/jump to/rocket to; n. an increase (in) /a rise (in) /an upward trend (in)/ a growth (in) 下降到： v. decline (to)/ decrease (to)/reduce (to)/ go down (to)/ fall (to)/ drop to n. a decline (in)/ a decrease (in)/a reduction (in)/ a fall (in) 稳定： v.
26、 remain stable (at)/ maintain the same level/ remain steady (at) /stay constant (at) n. no change (in) 波动： v. fluctuate (between) n. a fluctuation (in),Next in line is Followed by ,chosen by 30% .ranks first/second sth. account for Coming to the next Behindis a quarter of half of the majority of the
27、 students,数据描写,语言,3）表达技巧： 如何安排结构？ b. 如何选议论的数据？ 如何添加细节？,策略1：大总分总，小总分总； 不同观点分开写，最好分段写。,策略2：议论数据宜选最高点或最低点，能反映出典型问题的数据 。,描述：不能少一个数据 议论：不能多一个数据 添加细节：不宜过多,最佳点,语文-数学,语文-英语,问题成因-看法（必要性-呼吁）,现状 问题 建议,2011海淀期末,Ranking first is math, chosen by 54% of the students. Next in line is English, which 18% of the stude
28、nts regard as top priority. Surprisingly, only 7% of the students surveyed show preference for Chinese homework and those who choose the rest of the subjects like physics, chemistry and biology add up to 21%.,策略3：语言简洁明了。数据不必面面俱到，但要概括出特征，为后文分析原因、揭示规律、发表看法做铺垫。,2011海淀 期末,花时间干： Sb. spendson sth/doing St
29、h. takes up; Sb. putinto sth Sb. put indoing sth goes into Sth. occupies Sth. takes possession of Sb. distributesto Sb. sparesto do It takes. sb.to do,策略4：同一说法注意用不同方式表达。,最重视： put in the first place rank as the most important think/ hold the view/idea that is the most important regard as the most sig
30、nificant attract the greatest attention of consider (to be) the most important/vital think the most important,语言技巧,1）分类：个人简历/自荐信；介绍他人（介绍同学，朋友，老师，父母，名人等） 2）审题：文体：记叙文时态：介绍经历：一般过去时，一般现在时；人称：第一人称；第三人称 要点：分类整理信息语言：精炼，感人，不拖泥带水结构：开头段：主题句主体段：发展句结尾段：结论句,4、人物类,3）表达技巧：,组织要点的关键？ b) 组织细节的关键？,策略1：关注重点与难点。人物介绍重点在细
31、节的添加；难点在材料的重组。 自然信息（姓名，性别，年龄，年级）社会信息（开朗，活泼，精力充沛）,策略2：组织细节要突出个人/他人的优势（长处）。 I am quite independent and it is easy for me to adapt myself to a new environment. All this will enable me to continue my studies in your department without having much trouble with a language barrier.,c) 策略3：同一说法注意用不同方式表达 兴趣：
32、 My hobby is photography, writing and doing outdoor activities. Im into/Im fond of/I do well in/I fancy doing Im keen on/Im addicted to I have a great gift/love for I have a strong preference for I am gifted in My interest lies in With great interest in, I I have/show great interest in ,1）分类：城市介绍；地点
33、、路线介绍 2）审题： 文体：说明文 时态：一般现在时 人称：第三人称 要点：按文字提示整理信息 结构：开头段：交待背景，引出所要介绍的地点主体段：概括要点，按要点顺序简介地点结尾段：首尾呼应，提出期待或希望,5、地点方位类,3）表达技巧？,策略1：语言要简练、准确。 策略2：重点在方位表达形式的多样化，难点在对要点的架构和重组Opposite to sp is sp. West of the village is Behind/In front of sp. is sp. 策略3：逻辑要清晰，可以按照地理位置、自然环境、城市面貌和变化发展的顺序进行描述,开放作文 写作,（一）看图说话类1、现
34、象型2、抽象型3、主题型 （二）提纲类（计划、建议、可能性等） （三）续写类（以故事为主）,分 类,得分点：文章是否扣题结构是否完整内容是否充实、健康思维是否活跃逻辑是否清晰语言是否规范交际是否得体,扣分点：？,文体不对 结构不全 立意跑偏 描议脱节,要求：思维逻辑性与严谨性,开放作文,（一）看图说话类,1、审题文体：议论文结构：描图1/3文字，议图2/3文字时态：一般现在时、一般讲来时等，忌用过去时人称：描图：第三人称议图：联系实际最好用第一人称,2、写作指导,1）关键词？,要素-细节-联系,2）写作步骤？ 例：2010年 海淀期中 开放作文（15分） 请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于
35、50。 In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.,写作步骤,仔细找要素： 大狗、小狗、香肠、高桌子 认真审细节：,大狗的背-父母或他人的关心、支持、帮助、爱、肩膀、力量等 高桌子-面临的困难、挑战、麻烦、压力等,2010年 海淀期中,分析要素与细节的联系，揭示要素寓意角度：,香肠（sausage）: desires,ambitions,dre
36、ams,goals, achievements, concerns,success, hope 大狗（the big dog）: parents, adults, teachers, friends, those who help us to realize our dreams， people who have great power or abilities 小狗（the little dog）: children, kids, those who need help from others,从小狗角度：a、借他山之石The picture reminds me of the import
37、ance of other peoples help.We should catch every opportunity to get help from others on the way of longing for success.b、学会感恩To my understanding, the picture conveys the message of gratitude. From the picture, I gain the message that no matter how we have reached, never can we forget who bring us up
38、 and who make the person we are today.,多角度选择立意: 大狗、小狗、两者,从大狗的角度：父母给我们力量In my opinion, the picture intends to illustrate the idea that its our parents who pave the road for us to achieve a new height. 从两者的角度：学会合作What the picture wants to convey to us is that cooperation among people is vital to succe
39、ss.From this picture, we can learn that cooperation is what helps us to get a win-win situation. Cooperation can bring benefits to everyone.,多角度选择立意: 大狗、小狗、两者,描图（白描，要素间建立联系，为议图作好铺垫） 构思立意句：What the picture gets across/conveys to us is the message that 建立过渡句（揭示要素与立意间的联系）The sausage is to the little do
40、g what dreams and goals are to us people. The mother dogs back represents parents love and support on the way we pursue our dreams. 选择论证方法：自圆其说，自然扣图，逻辑清晰，交际得体a.释义法 b.正反论证法 c.例证法 结尾升华立意：采用强调句、倒装句、呼吁等形式,3）表达技巧？,描议一体,要素：2个杯子+杯中物+笑脸,2010年 海淀期末考试开放作文,As can be seen in the picture, the two cups are smilin
41、g, regardless of how much water they each have. One cup is almost full while the other is not. The picture indicates that people should always be optimistic, no matter what they have. Just as is shown, the two cups with different amount of water are both happy. I think that they are both pleased to
42、serve people with all they have. They may represent common people in our life. Whether rich or poor, we should be happy to do something for society. Thus we can learn that giving is the source of happiness.,描图为议论铺垫,议图以描图为基础,1）描图：In the picture, we can seeAs the picture shows/tells/presents, 2）过渡句：Wh
43、at the picture gets across/conveys to us is the message thatJust as the picture shows,It is the same with; As is often the case,3、常用的表达,3）表达个人观点：As for me, As far as I am concerned, ITo me,Actually, IPersonally, I From my perspective, To my mind/understandingIn my opinion/view,3、常用的表达,1）现象型,特征：图片多以人
44、与物出现，直观地反映出某种现象。 结构：1、描图：从人与物之间的矛盾入手，突出主题2、议图：总分总结构过渡：点明现象，提出正面的观点议论：联系实际提出问题（普遍性）-分析问题（危害性）-解决问题（应对措施）结尾：概括-总结-强调正面观点，升华立意,2）抽象型,特征：物与物结合或人与物结合 结构：1、描图：重点白描要素间的主要细节特征和矛盾冲突，为议图做铺垫2、议图：总分总结构过渡：承上启下，直截了当点明立意（以正面、积极立意为上）阐述：揭示要素与寓意间的联系；联系实际并扣图说明立意。结尾：倡议呼吁升华立意,3）主题型,特征：物与物结合或人与物结合，图片直观传递积极的主题。 结构： 1、描图：侧
45、重描写物对人的影响或人对物的态度两个角度，为议图做铺垫 2、议图：包括解图和圆图两个环节 过渡：简明扼要点名主题阐述：解图揭示人与物之间的相互影响与作用，联系实际阐明主题的意义 结尾：倡议呼吁升华立意,（二）提纲类 （计划、建议、可能性等）,1）计划、建议等 2）可能性,根据下面提供的情景，写一段接续文字。词数不少于30。You are talking with one of your close friends about your plans for the summer vacation. You say to him, “Im going to enjoy myself in the
46、vacation.” He asks, “What exactly are you going to do to have fun?”You tell him what you want to do to make you vacation great fun. Be sure to use one or more examples to show what you mean.,2003高考 给计划,Xiao Ming tells you that he had 100 yuan yesterday morning, which he put into the pocket of his ja
47、cket. He spent 40 yuan yesterday afternoon. But now when he reaches into the pocket of his jacket, he finds only 10 yuan. He is wondering what has happened to the rest of the money. As his friend, you suggest to him three or four different possibilities concerning the missing money.,2004高考 提建议,I sug
48、gest/advise/propose/recommend that he/you should do I would like to suggest that My suggestion/advice/recommendation/ proposal is that he/you should do If I were you，I would It seems to me that you could I think it would be more beneficial if you could, Ill do; Im going to do;I am to do, I am flying/moving to I plan/intend/want/expect/hope/ schedule to do If possible, I would like/love to do I am planning for My plan/schedule is I am scheduled to do,给计划,提建议,写作技巧： 表达形式多样化 目的性、合理性可行性、有效性,（三）续写类（以故事为主）,
