1、Unit 11 Letter to a B student,Debate,Shall we attach more importance to extra-curricular activities than to academic achievements?,Some useful words and phrases:,degree学位 basic course基础课 specialized course专业课 diploma毕业证 credit system学分制mark/score/grade 学分individual study自习school discipline 校纪 drop o
2、ut辍学cut a class旷课expel sb. from school开除tuition学费,Educational system 学制 Academic year 学年 Term/ semester 学期 Diploma 文凭 Tuition 学费 Major 主修课 Minor 辅修课 Specialized course 专业课 Compulsory course 必修课 Optional course 选修课,Useful sentence structures,In my opinion/viewIt seems to me thatFrom my point of view
3、As everybody can see As is well knownAs is known to all No one can deny the fact thatIt is indisputable thatMany experts point out that People equate success in life with the ability of The latest surveys show that quite a few students have unpleasant associations with homework/exam People seem to f
4、ail to take into account that education does not end with graduation A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend too much time on their studies. As an old saying goes: all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. The majority of students b
5、elieve that Part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position inn the future job markets.,Who is Robert Oliphant?,?,Robert Oliphant,An American professor, writer, columnist(专栏作家) and even executive director(常务董事)
6、.,In 1938, he graduated from Washington and Jefferson College.,Later, he became an English professor at California State University at Northridge, its one of the nations largest public universities.,Moreover , he was also a visiting professor(客座教授) of English and Linguistics(语言学) at Stanford Univers
7、ity where he had studied medieval lexicography(中世纪词典学) and got a Ph.D.(博士学位).,His main works:,A Piano for Mrs. Cimino“Oscar Wildes Earnest: A Chamber Opera for Eight Voices and Chorus.” “Keynesian Pedagogy: An orthodoxy in Search of a Dustbin (1986)” ； “Stalking the Soft Option: Some Notes on Overin
8、flated Grading Standards (1980)”； “Toward a Theory of Reading Sequence (1973)” and so on.,Vocabulary quiz,n_ level of achievement most students are expected to reach; what is considered as standard s_ to move or change from one position or direction to another e_ the qualifications or abilities requ
9、ired for doing something o_ to counterbalance or compensate for p_ a way of regarding a situations, facts, etc.,_ to accept something for what it appears to be _ to have the tendency to t_ an official record of a students school progress and achievements p_ skill; ability _ to match; to be similar o
10、r equal to r_ to keep; to continue to have a_ what is thought to be true or will happen, without any real proof,Vocabulary quiz,f_ not clear h_ disposition, temperament r_ fixed ways of doing things f_ to visit frequently r_ to feel bitter or indignant at g_ the machinery in a vehicle that turns pow
11、er from the engine into movement c_ using force to persuade people to do what they are unwilling to do,Vocabulary quiz,h_ to shape or carve from some material k_ to make things such as clothes by using two long needless to connect wool or other kinds of thread into joined rows c_ one of a pair of nu
12、mbers and/or letters that show the exact position of a point on a map or graph,Vocabulary quiz,2-1,The text is a letter to a B student. In the letter the author analyzes what the grade means and doesnt mean, and tells the student the way we should regard grades. In the end the author illustrates the
13、 importance of learning and gives encouragement to the student.,Text analysis,2-2-1,Structural analysis,Paragraphs 2 5,purpose of writing: to put your disappointment in perspective by considering exactly what your grade means and doesnt mean,Paragraph 1,introduction,Paragraphs 6 8,distinction betwee
14、n the student as a performer in the classroom and the student as a human being,Paragraphs 9 10,perspective: the way we should regard grades,Questions for Paragraph 1,What change about grades has the writer mentioned briefly? And what, according to the writer, has caused the change? The writer has me
15、ntioned briefly the change in the way grades are regarded, i.e. the norm has shifted upward. The change has to do with the general social climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special programs. This is why the writer says there is nothing he can do to remove the feeling
16、of disappointment.,Questions for Paragraph 2-5,How does the writer explain the notion of disappointment? Refer to Paragraph 2. Disappointment is a negative feeling. It is the stuff bad dreams are made of. what deserves our attention here is that the writer explains disappointment in relation to succ
17、ess.,What does a grade mean and what does it not mean? It means the successful completion of a specific course at a certain level of proficiency. It is and indication of the level of the students performance of some conventional tasks. It may also be an indication of the knowledge the student has ac
18、quired.,Questions for Paragraph 2-5,What is the writers view concerning social labels? Social labels are, on the one hand, irrelevant and misleading, and, on the other hand, necessary in a complex society.,Questions for Paragraph 9-10,How does the writer relate a students academic performance with h
19、is future life? While a students performance at school may be quite consistent throughout his school years and what he has learned at school may help him after he leaves school, in the long run he will depend much more on himself, i.e. he will have to learn to find his way when traveling in his life
20、 path. A grade B student may turn out to be a grade A life achiever.,Questions for Paragraph 9-10,Now, time for language points, hiahiahia,far superior to,better in quality than e.g. The visiting team turned out to be far superior to the host team in teamwork.,Paragraph 1,A decent(得体的，正派的) grade(in
21、the past).Its considered that “Gentlemans C” as an average grade(平均等级) is seriously behind the times(过时，落伍), todays “average” grade is a “B”. A few years ago, the “Gentlemans C” prevailed(流行，盛行) in universities.Gentlemans agreement n.君子协定Gentlemanship n.绅士的身份、品格,Paragraph 1,Gentlemans C,(1)How to Ca
22、lculate Grades,3.text1-W-norm1,norm n. 标准，规范,level of achievement most students are expected to reach; what is considered as standard.2) the usual or normal situation, way of doing something etc.,e.g.,Joyces style of writing was a striking departure from the literary norm.,Explanation：,e.g.,Short-te
23、rm contracts are now the norm with some big companies.,Paragraph 1,3.text1-W-norm2,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into English: 1)犯罪行为似乎是这一带的正常现象。2)在社会中生活就要遵循社会行为准则。,Criminal behavior seems to be the norm in this neighborhood.,You must adapt to the norms of the society you live in.,Para
24、graph 1,3.text1-W-shift1,shift v. 移动，转移；转变,to move or change from one position or direction to another 2) transfer something,e.g.,The teacher shifted the chairs around in the classroom.,Explanation：,e.g.,The wind shifted from east to north.,e.g.,The president is shifting the focus of the debate to f
25、oreign policy issues.,Paragraph 1,3.text1-W-eligibility1,eligibility n.合格, 有资格,the qualifications or abilities required for doing something,Explanation：,eligibility for sth.,Collocation:,e.g.,eligible to join a club,eligible adj.,Derivation:,e.g.,eligible for promotion,Paragraph 1,3.text1-W-eligihil
26、ity2,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into English: 1) 她的资历和经验决定她适合做这项工作。 2) 任何年满十八岁的公民都有选举权。,Her qualifications and experience confirm her eligibility for the job.,Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote.,Paragraph 1,3.text2-W-inadequacy1,inadequacy n.不适当, 不十分, 不完全,being too low in
27、 quality or too small in amount 2) fault or failing; weakness,e.g.,the inadequacy of local health care,e.g.,the inadequacies of the present voting system,Explanation：,e.g.,realize ones personal inadequacy,e.g.,An inadequate supply of vitamin A can lead to blindness.,inadequate adj.,Derivation:,e.g.,
28、The parking facilities are inadequate for such a busy shopping center.,e.g.,The teacher made us feel inadequate and stupid if we made mistakes.,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-inadequacy2,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into Chinese: 1) Unemployment can often cause feelings of inadequacy and low s
29、elf-esteem.2) I always feel inadequate when faced with a difficult problem.,失业常使人感到自信不足、自尊心受挫。,面对难题我总是觉得力不从心。,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-repute1,repute n.名望, 名气, 声望,reputation,e.g.,a man of good repute,e.g.,a hotel of some repute,Explanation：,e.g.,She is reputed to be extremely wealthy.,reputed adj.reput
30、edly adv.,Derivation:,e.g.,The committee had reputedly spent over $3000 on “business entertainment”.,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-repute2,e.g.,Since the scandal, the school has rather fallen into disrepute.,e.g.,The use of drugs is bringing the sport into disrepute.,disrepute n.声誉不好, 声明狼藉,Practice:,Transla
31、te the following sentences into English: 1) 他是个名不见经传的大学教师。 2) 安迪在他的家乡臭名昭著。,He has little repute as an academic.,Andy is a man of bad repute in his hometown.,Paragraph 2,The essence of success is that,Inner nature; indispensable quality; the most important part,Paragraph 2,Zero-sum game,Zero-sum game
32、（零和游戏/博弈）：A situation in which if one person gains an advantage form it, someone else involved in it must suffer an equivalent disadvantage.博弈论的英文名为game theory，直译就是“游戏理论”。游戏者有输有赢，一方所赢正是另一方所输，游戏的总成绩永远是零。“零和游戏”之所以广受关注，主要是因为人们发现，在社会的方方面面都有与“零和游戏”类似的局面，胜利者的光荣后面往往隐藏着失败者的辛酸和苦涩。Positive sum game 正和游戏(“双赢”或
33、“多赢”)Negative sum game 负和游戏(没有赢家),Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-offset1,offset v. 抵消，补偿,to counterbalance or compensate for,Explanation：,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-offset2,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into English: 1) 他提高了售价以补偿材料成本的增加。2) 抵押贷款利率的提高，其中一部分可因免税额增加而相抵消。,He put up his prices to offset t
34、he increased cost of materials.,Higher mortgage rates are partly offset by increased tax allowances.,Paragraph 2,3.text2-S_.wining1,. winning is not the most important thing its the only thing,Paraphrase:,Winning is of primary importance; nothing could be more important than winning.,胜利不是最重要的，而是唯一重要
35、的。,Explanation:,This is a special type of negation. The author is not negating the importance of winning; rather, with the sentence that follows the negative one, the author gives the utmost emphasis to the importance of winning.,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-go under1,go under失败，破产；沉没,to fail; to be overwh
36、elmed,Explanation：,e.g.,His business went under because of competition from the large corporations.,e.g.,Poor Donaldson had no head for business, and it was not long before he went under.,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-go/be broke,go/be broke 破产,to become penniless; to go bankrupt,e.g.,It is no use asking me
37、 for a loan of $5; Im broke myself.,Explanation：,e.g.,The business kept losing money and finally went broke.,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into Chinese:A lot of small businesses went broke in the recession.2) The inventor went broke because nobody would buy his machine.,经济不景气，很多小公司都倒闭了
38、。,由于没有人愿意买那个发明者的机器，他最终破产了。,Paragraph 2,3.text2-S_. To lose,To lose, to fail, to go under, to go broke these are deadly sins in a world where prosperity in the present is seen as a sure sign of salvation in the future.,Paraphrase:,Being unsuccessful in ones life and career and financially disadvantag
39、ed is regarded as shameful or even sinful because in this world people tend to think that only those who are successful now can be saved from evil in the future.,失利失败，倾家荡产是很可怕的过错，因为在当今世界，人们认为眼下的兴隆发达预示着将来必能从困境中脱身。,Deadly sinsThe phrase specifically refers to “the seven deadly sins”: pride, covetousne
40、ss(贪婪), lust（色欲）, anger, gluttony（暴食）, envy and sloth（懒惰）.,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-shrug away/off,shrug away/off对满不在乎，对不屑一顾,to treat something as unimportant,Explanation：,e.g.,She can shrug away her troubles and keep smiling.,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into Chinese: I asked her where
41、Sam was, but she just shrugged her shoulders, i.e. to show she didnt know or didnt care.2) We cant just shrug these objections off.,我问她萨姆在哪儿，她只是耸了耸肩（表示不知道或与自己无关）。,我们不能轻视这些反对意见。,Paragraph 2,3.text2-W-put/see/view in perspective,put/see/view in perspective 正确看待,to judge the real importance of somethin
42、g by considering it in relation to other things,e.g.,You must put the story in its right perspective.,e.g.,to see problems in their true perspective,Explanation：,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into English: 1) 他观察事物很正确。2) 你应该用历史的观点看待这些事件。,He sees things in their right perspective.,You s
43、hould see the events in their historical perspective.,Paragraph 3,3.text2-W-take at face value,take at face value根据外表判断,to accept something for what it appears to be,e.g.,If you take his remarks only at their face value you will not have understood his full meaning.,e.g.,She took his stories at face
44、 value and did not know he was joking.,Explanation：,Practice:,Translate the following sentences into English: 1) 她好像够亲切的，可是我不应该信以为真。 2) 你不应该总是对他的话信以为真。,She seems friendly enough but I shouldnt take her at her face value.,You shouldnt always take his remarks at their face value.,Paragraph 3,3.text2-W
45、-apt to,be apt to易于, 倾向于,to have the tendency to,e.g.,apt to be forgetful,e.g.,apt to be quick-tempered,Explanation：,e.g.,Some of the staff are apt to arrive late on Mondays.,e.g.,A Frenchman talked very rapidly, and was apt to become excited.,e.g.,Days in summer are apt to linger.,Practice:,Transla
46、te the following sentences into English: 1) 我的钢笔易漏墨水 。2) 粗心的人容易犯错误。,My pen is rather apt to leak.,A careless person is apt to make mistakes.,Paragraph 3, is apt to dangerously misleading,Making you think or act wrongly,Paragraph 3,3.text3-W-transcript 1,transcript n.抄本，副本，文字记录；成绩报告单,an official reco
47、rd of a students school progress and achievements2) written or recorded copy of what has been said or written,e.g.,Jane was in tears, holding her college transcript in hand.,e.g.,A transcript of the tapes was presented in court as evidence.,Explanation：,transcribe v.抄写，转录,e.g.,She jotted down a few
48、notes, and later transcribed them into an exercise book.,e.g.,A secretary transcribed the witnesses statements.,Derivation:,Paragraph 4,3.text3-W-transcript 2,transcription n.抄(誊)写；抄(誊)本,e.g.,errors made in transcription,Practice:,Translate the following phrases into Chinese: 1) the transcript of co
49、urt testimony2) an academic transcript3) transcript card4) a transcript of the trial,法庭证词的纪录,学生成绩报告单,录制卡片,审讯记录的文字本,Paragraph 4,3.text3-W-proficiency1,proficiency n.熟练，精通,skill; ability,e.g.,a high level of proficiency in grammar,e.g.,a test of proficiency in English,Explanation：,proficiency in,Collocation:,e.g.,There are ten tests, each of which corresponds to the listening comprehension test of the proficiency examination.,Paragraph 4,3.text3-W-proficiency2,
