1、一、名词和冠词,语法精讲,一、名词 考点一 名词的数 1.物质名词(如:air,water,milk,paper,money)和抽象名词(如:happiness,health,knowledge,traffic)一般都是不可数名词。,特别提示,要熟记下列名词,它们在英语中一般是不可数名词:advice,baggage/luggage,furniture,equipment,fun,weather,information,luck,progress,work,homework,news,word (消息)等。,有些词,以及一些学科名词,虽然以“s”结尾,但意义上却是单数。如:news新闻;pol
2、itics政治;mathematics数学;physics物理。 有些词,通常只有复数形式。如:compasses圆规;glasses眼镜;parents父母亲;shoes鞋;slippers拖鞋;trousers裤子;twins双胞胎;amusements娱乐活动;ashes灰烬;brains头脑;congratulations祝贺;in dozens成打地;do exercises做操;furs皮毛;Good heavens!天哪!jaws嘴巴;jewels首饰;mountains山脉;movements活动情况;muscles肌肉;nobles贵族;take/makenotes记笔记;p
3、lastics塑料制品;in rags衣衫褴褛;make repairs修理;resources资源;in high spirits情绪高昂;stairs楼梯;take turns轮流;tears眼泪;tens of thousands of好几万;thanks感谢;troops部队。,有些名词的单数形式和复数形式表示不同的意思。如:arm手臂/arms武器;cloth布/clothes衣服;content内容/contents目录;custom风俗;习惯/customs海关;force力量/forces武装部队;good好事、好处/goods货物;green绿色/greens蔬菜;inter
4、est兴趣/interests利益、爱好;look看/looks外貌;manner态度、方式/manners礼貌;pain痛苦/pains辛苦;paper纸/papers论文、报纸、文件;people人们/peoples民族;sand沙/sands沙滩;time时间/times次数、时代;thing东西、事情/things形势;word单词,消息/words话语;work工作/works工厂、著作;wood木头/woods树林。,2.不可数名词常用(a) little,much,a great deal of等修饰,可数名词常用(a) few,many,a number of等修饰。a lot
5、 of,lots of,plenty of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。 3.抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。difficulty困难;a difficulty一件难事failure失败;a failure一个失败者;一件失败的事success成功;a success一位成功者;一件成功的事surprise惊奇;a surprise一件令人吃惊的事honour荣誉;an honour一位带来荣誉的人,一件带来荣誉的事Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。His new bo
6、ok was a great success.他的新书非常成功。,4.单数名词变为复数名词一般情况加-s,以s,sh,ch,x等结尾加-es。以ce,se,ze等结尾加-s。其他名词复数的变化如下:(1)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但下列名词要加-es,它们是:hero,echo,potato,tomato,(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般f或fe去掉加-ves,它们是:self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf,wolf,half,(3)“man/woman+n.”变复数时,作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数。men t
7、eachers男老师women engineers女工程师,考点二 名词的构词法 1.动词变名词的后缀,produceproduction生产 introduceintroduction 介绍 consumeconsumption消费 reducereduction减少 assumeassumption/supposesupposition认为/假设 destroydestruction毁灭 describedescription描写 interruptinterruption打断 adoptadoption采纳/收养 preventprevention防止 receivereception接
8、收/接待处 solvesolution解决 evolveevolution进化 suggestsuggestion建议 editedition编辑/版本 exhibitexhibition展览 intendintention打算/意图 recognizerecognition认出 definedefinition 解释/定义,protectprotection保护 directdirection方向/指导 instructinstruction指令 constructconstruction建设 injectinjection注射 infectinfection感染 rejectrejecti
9、on驳斥 objectobjection/opposeopposition反对 connectconnection连接 collectcollection收集 correctcorrection纠正 inspectinspection视察 selectselection挑选 electelection选举 restrictrestriction限制 contradictcontradiction抵触/矛盾,reservereservation保留 preservepreservation保存 conserveconservation保护 observeobservation观察 starves
10、tarvation挨饿 organizeorganization组织civilizecivilization文明 realizerealization认识 examineexamination考试 determinedetermination决定 formformation形成 informinformation通知 imagineimagination想象 transporttransportation运输 inviteinvitation邀请 expectexpectation期待 tempttemptation诱惑 adaptadaptation改编/适应 immigrateimmigr
11、ation移民 imitateimitation模仿,preparepreparation准备 exploreexploration探索 considerconsideration考虑 declaredeclaration宣布 decoratedecoration装饰 inspireinspiration激发/灵感 relaxrelaxation放松/休闲 communicatecommunication交流 occupyoccupation占用/职业 satisfysatisfaction满足 applyapplication申请/应用 implyimplication暗示 recommen
12、drecommendation推荐 interpretinterpretation口译/理解 combinecombination结合 operateoperation操作/手术,hesitatehesitation犹豫 educateeducation教育 locatelocation定位 indicateindication指出 participateparticipation参加 calculatecalculation计算 appreciateappreciation欣赏/感激 associateassociation联想/协会 separateseparation分离 hiberna
13、tehibernation冬眠 compensatecompensation赔偿 investigateinvestigation调查 celebratecelebration庆祝 congratulatecongratulation祝贺,translatetranslation翻译 accumulateaccumulation积累 accelerateacceleration加速 donatedonation捐赠 liberateliberation解放 motivatemotivation动力 innovateinnovation革新 concentrateconcentration集中
14、demonstratedemonstration游行/示威 contributecontribution贡献 distributedistribution分发 promotepromotion 促进 devotedevotion/dedicatededication致力,frustratefrustration/depressdepression沮丧 impressimpression印象 expressexpression表达 possesspossession拥有/财产 discussdiscussion讨论expandexpansion扩大 extendextension延伸admita
15、dmission承认 permitpermission允许emitemission排放 explodeexplosion爆炸 concludeconclusion结论 decidedecision决定 dividedivision划分 confuseconfusion迷惑,2.形容词变名词的后缀,二、冠词冠词包括不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,不用冠词的情况也可称为零冠词。a/ an的基本含义为“一个”,表泛指;the的基本含义是“这个,那个”,表特指。通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/an修饰,重复出现时用the修饰。 考点一 不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”),考点二 定冠词the的用
16、法 1.特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿? 2.用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.老虎濒临灭绝。Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.1876年亚历山大贝尔发明了电话。,3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。The Greens live a happy life.格林一家人过着幸福的生活。
17、The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately.受伤者被立刻送往医院。 4.表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:the moon,the sun,the earth,the universe,the world,the sky等。特别提示 当这些名词前有修饰语时,则要用不定冠词。如:a bright moon,a new world。有些事物虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上却不用冠词,如:space太空,nature自然,man人类。,5.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前。如:in the east,in the northwest,play the
18、piano。 6.用于序数词和形容词最高级前面。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个进入太空的人。This is the best film Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。特别提示 当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词。如:a second time,意为“再一次;又一次”。,7.用于表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties are going
19、to university for further education.在20世纪90年代五十多岁的人上大学进修并不罕见。 8.“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中的the不可用物主代词代替。 take sb.by the arm抓某人的胳膊 hit sb.on the head砸在了某人的头上。 9.用在固定搭配中。如:by the way,in the distance,in the morning,inthe end,in the direction of,on the whole,on the other hand,the other day,to tell the tr
20、uth,in the country,all the time,go to thecinema,in the open air,on the radio,at the same time,at the moment等。,考点三 零冠词的用法 1.专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词。如:China,America,Smith。 2.表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前和学科、语言、三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。January 1st is New Years Day.一月一日是新年。I like physics though its a bit diffic
21、ult.尽管物理有点难,但是我喜欢它。I always have breakfast at home and lunch at school.我总是在家里吃早饭,在学校吃午饭。Some students will play basketball after school.有些学生放学以后打篮球。,特别提示 表示语言的名词之后有language时则要加定冠词,如 the English language。 如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节,需加定冠词,如 in the spring of the year 2012。 在中国的传统节日前用定冠词the。如:the Spring Festiv
22、al。,3.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作宾语补足语及同位语时,不加冠词。常用的名词有king,president,chairman,monitor,head 等。We made Jack monitor of our class.我们选杰克当我们班的班长。,4.在某些固定词组、习惯用语中,不用冠词。(1)相对应使用的词,如father and son,husband and wife,knife and fork,sun and moon等。(2)介词短语,如from door to door,at noon/night/midnight,in case of fire等。(3)动
23、词短语,如catch fire,catch sight of,come to power,watch TV等。 5.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽然/尽管但是”。Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings.虽然他是英雄,但他也有一些缺点。,6.常用的固定词组辨析at table 就餐 at the table在桌子旁in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院in front of 在的前面(外部)in the front of 在的前面(内部)go to school 去上学go to the s
24、chool 去学校in charge of.负责in the charge of.由负责out of question 没问题out of the question 不可能,真题链接,1.Like many things in life,its ongoing process. (2017年11月浙江) 2.You wouldnt think that a few (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough for the rest of your life. (2017年11月浙江),答案及剖析: 1.an 考查冠词。此处所填单词修饰名
25、词process,是抽象名词具体化的用法,意为“一个持续的过程”。 2.months 考查名词复数。根据句意,此处所填单词由a few 修饰,因此要用复数名词。,3.Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small (carrot) and was about to throw them away.(2017年6月浙江) 4.This development was only possible with the (introduce)of electric-powered engines and lifts.(2017全国),答案及剖析: 3.carrot
26、s 考查名词复数。a handful of一把,几个,后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots几个胡萝卜。 4.introduction 考查名词。由空前的定冠词可知,此处需用名词形式,动词introduce去“e”加后缀-tion构成名词形式。,5.For Pahlsson,its return was wonder.(2017年6月浙江),答案及剖析: 5.a 考查冠词。a wonder一个奇迹。,跟踪训练,1.As result,people will eat more food to try to make up forthat something missin
27、g.(2017全国),答案及剖析: 1.a 考查冠词。句意:结果,人们会吃更多的东西来努力弥补所缺的东西。as a result结果。,.单句语法填空,2.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017全国),答案及剖析: 2.crowds 考查名词复数。avoid“避免”,后可跟名词或动名词作宾语。因为此空前有形容词terrible修饰,故排除动名词形式;
28、crowd作“人群”讲时,为可数名词,故需用复数形式。,3.The study was in people who were not parents of the baby,yet they were all responding at 100 meters to these particular .(sound) made by the baby.(2018咸阳二模),答案及剖析: 3.sounds 考查名词复数。那个研究是在并不是孩子父母的人中间做的,然而他们都对孩子发出的这些特殊的声音的作出了反应。根据语意和句子结构,此处需要名词,同时是以复数名词表示类属关系,因此用复数形式。,4.He
29、 seemed to have sensed my discomfort so he tried to ease my (anxious)by introducing himself.(2018江西八校二模) 5.Cheering from the crowd was mixed with drums and music as local community (group) waved banners,flags,and carry lanterns. (2018福建泉州模拟),答案及剖析: 4.anxiety 考查名词。句意:他似乎感觉到了我的不舒服,所以介绍他自己来减轻我的焦虑。根据句意和
30、句子结构,此处应该用相应的名词。 5.groups 考查名词复数。句意:当地的社区组织举着横幅、旗帜,拿着灯笼,人群的欢呼声中伴随着鼓声和音乐的声音。根据语境和句子结构,此处所填单词作主语,同时表示复数概念,因此用groups。,6.Although development of these two countries has a lot incommon,there are some striking differences as well.(2018嘉兴一模) 7.Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for .while.
31、(2018杭州质检),答案及剖析: 6.the 考查冠词。此处的句意是“尽管这两个国家的发展有很多的共同之处,但是它们也有很多明显的不同”。此处特指这两个国家的发展,因此用the。 7.a 考查冠词。for a while一会儿。,8.As you know,there is opening position in my department. 9.She said with the enthusiasm of eight-year-old child having just been presented with a new dog.,答案及剖析: 8.an 考查冠词。句意:你知道,我部门有
32、一个空缺的位置。position是单数名词,同时前面的opening以元音音素开头,所以应该用an。 9.an 考查冠词。句意:她说着,热情地就像是一个八岁的孩子得到了一只新的狗狗一样。根据句意此处需要一个表示泛指的冠词,同时,因为eight以元音音素开头,因此用an。,10.Choosing what places to visit in Dubai is difficult,because even the hotels there are also amazing (attract). 11.He contacted university officials to tell about
33、the .(possible) of returning the book.,答案及剖析: 10.attractions 考查名词复数。句意:在迪拜选择要去参观的地方是一件很难的事情,因为在那里即使宾馆也是令人惊奇的景点。根据句意此处需要一个名词,并且表示一类事物,因此用名词的复数形式。 11.possibility 考查派生词的用法。此处作介词about的宾语,应用提示词的名词形式possibility“可能性”。,12.More than 300 (coach) have been invited to the meeting. 13.To make members of a team p
34、erform better,the trainer first of all has to know their (strong) and weaknesses.,答案及剖析: 12.coaches 考查名词复数。coach为可数名词,前有more than 300,故此处用coach的复数形式coaches。 13.strengths 考查派生词的用法。and连接两个并列的名词作know的宾语,故此处填提示词的名词形式,注意此处需要用复数。strengths and weaknesses意思是“优点和缺点”。,14.According to the news report,personal
35、(possess) of guns in the USA causes a lot of trouble. 15.There is a growing (tend) for people to work at home instead of in offices.,答案及剖析: 14.possession 考查派生词的用法。分析句子结构可知,此处用名词作主语,故此处用名词形式possession,意思是“持有”。 15.tendency 考查派生词的用法。本句为there be句型,空格处需要名词作主语,故此处填名词形式tendency,又根据空前的不定冠词a,可知应用单数形式。,16.Rai
36、n falls in summer,and there was heavy rain last night. 17.As he approached the bridge,the sound got louder and then he saw pitiful sight.(2017江西红色七校一联),答案及剖析: 16.a 考查冠词的用法。a heavy rain意思是“一场大雨”。 17.a 考查冠词的用法。设空处后的名词sight作“景象,情景”讲时,为可数名词,在本句中表泛指,故与不定冠词连用。,18.Recently when he took look at his collecti
37、on of books,he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago. 19.He devotes most of his time to football.And I am sure he promisesto be excellent footballer.,答案及剖析: 18.a 考查冠词的用法。句意:最近,当他查看他的藏书时,他发现了那本61年前借的旧书。“take a look (at.)”为固定短语,意为:看一看。 19.an 考查冠词的用法。根据句意可知,此处表示“一名杰出的足球运动员”,又excellent为元音音素开头,因此
38、应该填不定冠词an。,20.Nowadays most popular means of communication is to send short messages by mobile phone.,答案及剖析: 20.the 考查冠词的用法。此处用在形容词最高级之前,应该填定冠词the。,.语篇语法填空I was riding in a taxi to the bus stop 1. I was supposed to take the bus to NYC.It was going to be 2. long journey and I packed some chocolate to
39、 eat on the way before I set off.When the ride was over,I paid 3. driver the due amount along with a tip.He offered to get my suitcase out of the trunk.I collected it and started walking away.So did he.,However,something in my heart stirred.4. occurred to me that I had an opportunity to perform an a
40、ct of 5. (kind).I was so 6. (excite) that I decided to give away all the chocolate to the driver.After all,he had served me,even 7. it was just his job.I gave them away,8. (see) the bright smile light up his face and the eyes shine as if they were the star Sirius,and felt my heart 9. (fill) with hap
41、piness.It was neither a big act nor a very giving one,but it was truly joyful.I believe the kindest 10. (thing) we can do for others are often the simplest. 语篇解读:本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。讲述了作者乘完车后,突然想送给出租车司机巧克力,这个小小的善举让出租车司机很激动,并且作者自己也获得了快乐。,答案及剖析:,1.where 考查定语从句。句意:我正乘出租车去汽车站,之后在那里乘公共汽车去NYC。因为先行词是bus stop,是地点名词,
42、且关系词在定语从句中作状语,所以应填where。 2.a 考查冠词。句意:那将是一段长途旅行,出发之前我带了一些巧克力准备在路上吃。此处所缺单词修饰long journey。 3.the 考查定冠词。此处所填单词修饰driver,同时是特指,所以用the。 4.It 考查代词。句意:然而,我的内心萌生起一些东西。我想到我有这么一个机会来做一个善举。It在句中作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的that从句。It occurred to sb.that.意为“某人想起”。,5.kindness 考查名词。根据空前的an act of和提示词kind可知,空处是想表示行为的特征、性质,of为介词,后面应
43、接名词,故填kindness。 6.excited 考查形容词。句意:我是如此兴奋以至于我决定把所有的巧克力都送给那个司机。所缺单词作was的表语,表示人的状态,因此用excited。 7.though/if 考查连词。句意:毕竟,他为我服务过,尽管这只是他的工作。根据句意和两句之间的逻辑关系可知,这里是让步关系,空前又有even,故只能用从属连词even though/if。 8.seeing 考查非谓语动词。句意:我把它们送给了他,看到愉快的笑容点亮了他的脸庞,他的眼睛就像天狼星一样明亮,我感觉自己的内心也充满了快乐。see的逻辑主语是I,且是主动关系,所以应填seeing。,9.filled 考查非谓语动词。动词fill和它的逻辑主语heart 之间是被动关系,故应填filled,在此作宾补。 10.things 考查名词复数。根据句意和后面的动词are可以判断此处应该用复数名词形式。,谢谢观赏！,
