1、英语口译教程 Lecture One: An Overview,Lecturers: YU Hongliang, Xu Zhan, Zhang Yan, Tang Lei,Interpretation Course,Course Objectives: Introduces learners to skills and processes required to produce consecutive interpretations. Focuses on developing basic cognitive, semantic, and dual tasking abilities requ
2、ired to interpret rehearsed and/or spontaneous texts. Train learners to incorporate semantic choice, register, and ethical behavioral decisions and understand how they impact their interpretations. Time allotment: 1 semester (36 periods); two periods per week,Unit 0,Types of interpreting A Brief his
3、tory of conference interpreting as a modern profession What Makes A Good Interpreter? Professional Code of Conduct,Types of Interpreting,Conference Interpreting: Simultaneous /ConsecutiveMost frequently used for large conferences or meetings, simultaneous interpreting requires that the linguist “tra
4、nslate” what the speaker is saying, as they speak. Thus, the interpreter is both listening and speaking at the same time. This takes intense concentration; simultaneous interpreters often work in teams, taking breaks every 30 minutes or so. Simultaneous interpreting generally requires equipment such
5、 as microphones, headsets, and in some instances booths.,Consecutive Interpreting,Most appropriate in a smaller setting, the speaker will speak for a few minutes (a few paragraphs), then pause. The interpreter takes notes and then translates the speakers message during the pause. The key element in
6、consecutive interpreting is note taking: the interpreter must record ideas and then translate them back into the words of another language without pause.,Escort InterpretingAnother form of consecutive interpreting is often called escort interpreting. If you are hosting a delegation of visitors from
7、another country, you may want to use the services of an escort interpreter for meeting clients at the airport, city tours, and shopping excursions. Escort interpreters generally translate informal conversations.,A Brief history of conference interpreting as a modern profession,The oldest and younges
8、t profession. At the time the course was founded, conference interpreter training was still in its infancy with the first simultaneous interpretation having been used after World War II at the Nuremburg Trials (English, French, Russian and German). In the interwar years consecutive interpretation al
9、one was provided at International gatherings, such as at meetings of the League of Nations in Geneva where English and French were used.,The first interpreters were not trained but entered the profession on the strength of their mastery of languages, prodigious memory, and their impressively broad c
10、ultural background. Some of the legendary figures of the world of interpreting include Jean HERBERT, Andr KAMINKER and Prince Constantin ANDRONIKOF, who was personal interpreter to Gnral de Gaulle and one of the founders of AIIC, which was established in 1953. With the setting up of international an
11、d European organizations (United Nations-1945, Council of Europe-1949, European Community-1957) there was a growing need for a much larger number of trained professionals. To meet this continuing challenge, the course has expanded and now encompasses the languages of the European Union including acc
12、ession countries and the UN family.,Two historical events stimulated the development of the profession.The Paris Peace Conference of 1919;The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals. The symbols of the formal establishment of conference interpretation as a profession:The first interpreting school was
13、 set up in 1950 in Geneva, Switzerland;AIIC, the International Association of Conference Interpreters, was founded on Nov. 11, 1953 with its Secretariat in Geneva.,Interpreting, as an internationally recognized profession, began to take shape only around the turn of the twentieth century. Chronologi
14、cally, Consecutive Interpreting (CI) antedates Simultaneous Interpreting (SI). The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was conventionally cited as consecutive interpreting official debut . Between the two World Wars, consecutive interpreting had predominant status.,The first attempt to introduce SI was m
15、ade shortly before the Second World War. SI was first patented as a technique by IBM in 1926, and its first implementation (in whisper form) was at Geneva in a tentative form in 1927 and, on a larger scale, in the former USSR in 1928 for the Sixth Congress of Comintern. However, it was during the Nu
16、remberg trials of the Nazi war criminals, which were conducted in English, French, Russian, and German that real full-scale simultaneous interpretations was first used. From 1947 onward, simultaneous interpretation had come to stay at the United Nations.,In the years after the Second World War, with
17、 the establishment of the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and many other international organs, there was a growing need for new interpreters to join the ranks of the first generation of highly skilled but untrained conference inte
18、rpreters. Several training institutions were founded in Europe. Since then the training institutions for conference interpreter have sprung all over the world.,The earliest establishment of “interpreting officials“ in China goes as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1100-770 BC). According to written rec
19、ords, there was an official post called “寄”, “象”, “译” and “象胥首” , “重译” and “舌人” respectively in the eastern, western, southern and northern part of China. These interpreting officials had, at that time, dual function: interpreting for internal and external purposes. The internal purpose referred to
20、the interpreting activities between the central imperial government and the various ethnic nationalities, while the external purpose was for communication between the central imperial government and its neighboring states.,The oral form of translation came into being earlier than the written transla
21、tion, which appeared in ancient China in the Spring and Autumn period (770 476 BC). However, regarding the training of conference interpreters, China is a relatively newcomer; the Peoples Republic of China did not start until the late 1970s. The first such programme began in Beijing after China was
22、accepted as working language of the UN.,The profession of conference interpreting was formally introduced into China with the establishment of the United Nations Training Programme for Interpreters and Translators in 1979. Set up as a joint project between the UN and the Chinese government to train
23、professionals for the United Nations, the programme turned out 98 interpreters (out of 217 graduates), many of whom are now working for the UN and other international organisations, some for the Chinese government, and a few as full-time freelances.,In 1994, the UN programme was reconstituted as the
24、 Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation of Beijing Foreign Studies University (“Bei Wai“). It continues to offer a two-year course of professional training in conference interpreting at the MA level, but its graduates (32 in conference interpreting out of 57 to date) are now responsible f
25、or securing their own employment. Most become staff interpreters or officers in government ministries and agencies, with a minority taking positions in the private sector; it is still rare for a graduate to go freelance.,To date, the majority of Chinas professional interpreters have been trained at
26、Bei Wai, but these make up only a fraction of the large number of practitioners, including government officers and corporate personnel who perform interpretation duties.,Now as we are approaching the 21st century, the globalization of the world economy has become an irreversible trend. Economic acti
27、vities such as investment, banking, business and trade are increasing rapidly, the transformation of science and technology and the training of personnel continue apace, and international exchanges in politics, foreign affairs and culture are flourishing. All of these would be impossible without the
28、 involvement of interpreters and translators.Furthermore, with the implementation of economic reform and its opening up policy, China s demand for qualified interpreters and translators has become all the more urgent.,Practice Texts,Reading: The Art of InterpretingBerris makes a distinction between
29、translation and interpreting, and she looks at a host of potential problems that can impede intercultural communication. Among the more serious issues is the problem of not having enough interpreters for long sessions. She also discusses the importance of proper preparation, the differences between
30、precise translations and simple paraphrasing, and nonverbal communication and its role in interpretive events. Listening: At the Shoulder of HistoryAn interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous interpreters. Listen to the recording 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of the
31、 profession.,The Art of Interpreting,Interpreting, is a physically exhausting and often emotionally draining art. But those who work with interpreters can do a great deal to help maximize the interpreters effectiveness and minimize his or her weaknesses.JAN CAROL BERRIS former Vice President ofthe N
32、ational Commission on U.S. China Relations,Jan Carol Berris,Jan Carol Berris has been with the National Committee on United States-China Relations since 1971 - first as program associate, then program director, then vice president. She is responsible for directing all program activities of the Commi
33、ttee. Ms. Berris has been actively involved in preparation and operations for the visits to the United States of hundreds of Chinese delegations, including the 1972 Chinese Ping Pong Team, the first PRC group to come to this country. At the request of the State Department she coordinated Chinese pre
34、ss activities during Premier Deng Xiaopings February 1979 visit to the United States. And she has overseen the visits of hundreds of American delegations to China. She herself has traveled to China about seventy times since 1973, with people and groups as diverse as a tennis team and a Supreme Court
35、 Justice.,http:/www.ncuscr.org/articlesandspeeches/Articlesandspeeches.htm,I. What Makes A Good Interpreter?,Bilingualism and biculturalism A good command of both languages and alertness to their constant evolution is the foundation of effective interpreting. A good interpreter is more than a transl
36、ator of words, since language skills are only a part of the process of communication. Biculturalism sensitivity to cultural and social differences is often as important as bilingualism. Another important aspect of biculturalism is knowing what makes people laugh in the other culture. Political sensi
37、tivity is also an essential aspect of biculturalism.,Bilingualism and biculturalism can be learned though often only by a process of osmosis during long years of study and/or living in another country. But there are other, more innate characteristics that contribute to the making of a good interpret
38、er. A special kind of personality, or a somewhat schizophrenic one. and aggressive enough to be relaxed of submerging their own egos and take on the personalities of the speakers,Projection Being able to do two (or more) things at one time is important. Listen; Jot down key words to jog their memori
39、es; Look up unknown words in a small dictionary (which usually appears magically out of a pocket); Juggling notebook and dictionary, write down the unfamiliar word so if it is repeated later the dictionary will not have to be hauled out again.,And speaking of writing things down, interpreters should
40、 always carry notebooks and use them. Obviously interpreters should be matched to specific jobs,II. THE INTERPRETING SITUATION,Preparation PacingPrecision Versus ParaphraseThe interpreter should always be given a sense of how precise a translation is expected. Another aspect of this issue is when to
41、 translate and when to leave people alone. Sometimes we encounter interpreters who feel the need for great precision and will take several seconds (which always seem like eons to listeners) to think of the word or phrase carrying the precise nuance of the situation. Another kind of interpreter is th
42、e paraphraser or editor who tends to give the gist of what the speaker is saying, ignoring the details.,Supplying Background InformationSometimes, trying to be helpful and fill in gaps in the audiences understanding, interpreters will add background information not supplied by the speaker.,Length of
43、 Speech UnitsInvisibility of InterpretersInterpreters should confine themselves to facilitating communication, and not (except in unusual situations) add their own personal comments.,Direction of Translation Numbers Translating Substance Questions Nonverbal Communication Helping with Problems,Qualif
44、ications of a good interpreter,Knowledge of the general subject of the speeches that are to be interpreted. General erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures. Extensive vocabulary in both languages. Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely in both languages. Excellent note-takin
45、g technique for consecutive interpreting. At least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting.,Listening,An interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous interpreters. Listen to the following recording 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of the profession.,Pro
46、fessional Code of Conduct,Serve the interest of their organization; Scrupulously observe the secrecy to which they are already bound to their professional code; Maintain the professional standards of their work by keeping abreast of organization activities, of subjects under discussion and of releva
47、nt terminology; Prepare for meetings with the help of duly supplied documents and by obtaining additional papers for meetings of exceptional technical or linguistic difficulty; Liaise with free-lance interpreters, when called upon to do so; Act as interpreters outside the organization only with the latters consent and in compliance with the local working conditions of free-lance interpreters who are AIIC members.,
