1、词汇与语法 第5讲 虚拟语气& 倒装句,虚拟语气在学位英语考试中的具体体现：1. 虚拟条件句; 2. 虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用;,1. 虚拟条件句:虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设，所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。 根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句可分为三种，即 与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句; 与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句; 与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。,虚拟条件句,例句： 1.表示与现在事实相反 If I had enough money now ， I would lend it to you. If I were you ， I would go to t
2、ell him the real feeling upon him.2.表示与过去事实相反 If he had taken your advice ， he wouldnt have made such a bad mistake. She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadnt been very busy.,3.表示与将来事实相反I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.If he were to be given another chance to d
3、o it again， he could certainly achieve more.,考试可能会涉及：虚拟条件句的倒装,为了强调语气，虚拟条件句可用倒装结构。虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if，把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词放在句首实现的。 例如：If I had been in that situation， I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.Had I been in that situation， I would not have let the thief escape away wi
4、th so much money.Should there be a drought， what should we do at that time ？If there should be a drought， what should we do at that time ？,虚拟条件句 中的一些含蓄表达,有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来，而是通过某个介词或介词短语（如：otherwise， without， but for）、上下文或其它方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。例如：But for the help from you ， I would not have had th
5、e chance to go to college.Without many teachers advice, I could not have passed the examination so quickly.,虚拟语气在从句中的运用,在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气，表示愿望、建议或命令等。 根据虚拟语气的形式不同，可以分为“should类”和“过去时态类”。一、should类这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用“should +动词原形”体现出来的，should可以省略。其具体运用体现在：,1.在suggest ， order， demand ， propose， com
6、mand， request， desire，insist等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：Mike suggests that Curie should leave the house at once. The leader ordered that the task（should） be finished as soon as possible. Jack proposed that we （should） deal with the problem by the view of development.,2.与suggest ， order， deman
7、d ， propose， command， request， desire，insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion， order， demand ， proposal 等后的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：The general sent the order that the battle（should） be held on until the complete failure of the enemy.My proposal is that we（should） set a deadline for handing in the plan.,3.在It is/was
8、suggested （ordered ， demanded ， proposed ， etc. ） 结构以及necessary ， essential， important， strange， natural等形容词后的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：Its requested that we （should） keep the stability of the society for the peoples peaceful life. It is necessary that the badly wounded man（should） be treated immediately.,虚拟语气
9、在从句中的运用,二、过去时态类 英语中，还有一些词或短语后接的从句或句子，也要使用虚拟语气，虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语使用过去的某种时态（如：一般过去时、过去完成时等）来体现的。1. wish ， would rather 后的宾语从句。He wished he had never been involved in such affairs.Vivian wishes she could get the job soon.I would rather you could teach me again.,2. It is（about/high） time that句型It is time we w
10、ent out for a walk.It was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.It is about time we gave up searching for the missing dog.,3. as if， as though引导的从句。如：The little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.He acted as usual as though nothing had happened.4.由if only （要是，那该多好啊！）引导的惊叹句。如：If
11、 only I had passed the test ！If only it stopped raining！,Tom Smith wished that his parents _ in the stricken area when the earthquake occurred. A. were not B. are not C. have not been D. had not been 答案：D (2005学位真题)The proposal that business companies _guided by professionals for their new scheme of
12、 developments was accepted without disagreement. A. be B. are C. was D. were 答案：A (2005学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,Professor Wang said that he would rather his student Jane _ to the conference. A. go B. went C. gone D. going 答案：B (2005学位真题)If I _ a book on the habits of mice, Id not start working without suffic
13、ient observation on them. A. were to write B. have written C. write D. am writing 答案：A (2005学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,_, the police would have caught the criminal earlier. A. Had they received the clue in time B. If they received the clue in time C. They have received the clue in time D. Did they receive the
14、clue in time 答案：A (2005学位真题)_ the interference from the local residents, the delegation would have caught the train bound for Edinburgh. A. Due to B. Except for C. In case of D. But for 答案：D (2005学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,All the participants believe that it is high time that the two neighboring countries _ a
15、 fresh round of negotiation regarding the economic cooperation. A. starting B. started C. have started D. being starting 答案：B (2005学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,The suggestion that colleges _ administrated by professors was approved by the board. A. is B. are C. be D. were 答案：C (2006学位真题)The player asked he an op
16、portunity to explain his case. A. gives B. be given C. is given D. should give 答案：B (2007学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,虚拟语气 真题回顾,The new findings by the research crew suggested that the governments housing plans _not practicable.A. be B. should be C. was D. were答案：D (2005学位真题),The chairman insist that there a mee
17、ting to be held within the shortest possible time. A. is B. will be C. was D. be 答案：D (2007学位真题)My suggestion was that he _ the offer as soon as possible. A. should take B. takes C. would take D. took 答案：A (2007学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,If all the people in the world spoke the same language, cultural and econ
18、omic ties _ be much closer among countries now. A. will B. should C. shall D. would 答案：D (2007学位真题)I wish I _ in the sun by a swimming pool instead of sitting in this classroom. A. have lain B. were lying C. lay D. lie 答案：B (2008学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,It is essential that all the reports to be published _
19、twice. A. be checked B. would be checked C. were checked D. will be checked 答案：A (2008学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,_ for their support, he would have gone penniless. A. If it is not B. If it is C. Were it D. Were it not 答案：D (2009学位真题)I arrived late; I _ the traffic to be so heavy this morning. A. wasnt expectin
20、g B. wouldnt expect C. havent expected D. hadnt expected 答案：D (2009学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,It is high time that the international community _together to fight against terrorism. work B works C. worked D. working答案：C (2012学位真题)The demand made by the workers is that their salaries _to cover the increased cost
21、 of living. increased B. be increased C. be increasing D. were increased 答案：B (2012学位真题),虚拟语气 真题回顾,倒装句考点归纳,英语句子通常有两种语序：陈述语序、倒装语序。将谓语的一部分或全部置于主语之前的语序叫做倒装语序。倒装可分为二种：将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装；而只将be 、情态动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装。学位考试考察的重点是部分倒装。,部分倒装,(1)Only在句首，修饰副词，介词词组或状语从句时1.Only then did he find it important to ge
22、t along with others. 2.Only in this way can we make great progress. 3.Only after he came back were you able to see him. 以关联连词not only.but also开首的句子或者分句也是如此。 Not only did they break into his office, but they also destroy his computer.,(2)当句首状语为否定词或带有否定含义的词语时，常见的这类词或词语有not, never, hardly, seldom, rare
23、ly, scarcely 以及not until, no sooner.than, hardly.when, .no.等。1.Seldom had I seen such a beautiful picture. 2.Hardly had I arrived home when the phone rang. 3.Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 4.At no time have I said such a thing.,In no case _ be late for the annual
24、 board meeting to be held next Friday. A. should you B. you should C. will you D. you will 答案：A （2007学位英语真题）,Not until the mid-1950s _ most automakers begin offering seat belts as optional safety features.A. did B. had C. do D. would 答案：A (2008年学位英语真题),No sooner_ the top of the mountain than it star
25、ted raining cats and dogs. A. did the climbers reached B. the climbers reached C. have the climbers reached D. had the climbers reached 答案：D (2005年学位英语真题),(3) 在省去if的虚拟条件从句中。1.Should I be free this afternoon,I would come and help you with your lesson. (future)2.Were I in your place. I would not be fi
26、t for your job.（present）3.Had it not been for the captain, the ship would have sunk with all on board. （past）,_, the police would have caught the criminal earlier. A. Had they received the clue in time B. If they received the clue in time C. They have received the clue in time D. Did they receive th
27、e clue in time 答案：A (2005年学位英语真题)As his advisor, I believe that he is bound to accomplish much at your university he be admitted.A. might B. whetherC. had D. should 答案：D （2007年学位英语真题）,(4)在So .that的句型中。 So excited was he that he couldntt say a word.So warm is the weather that we decide to go shopping
28、.,Though I am always free on Sundays, I seldom watch television. _ . A. So does my sister B. My sister doesnt C. My sister is too D. Nor does my sister 答案：D (2007年学位英语真题)As a matter of fact, our life styles are changing and our bodies changing . A. as such B. so such C. such as D. so are 答案：D (2007年
29、学位英语真题)注意以下考点：,(5)当So位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（或物）时。如： Her mother is a warm-hearted old lady, so is mine. 在So it is (was) with 的句型或者当So表示“的确如此，确实是这样”，以示同意和肯定某种说法，或者加以强调时，常常不引起倒装。 Li Ping studies hard, so he does. 因此我们常常可看到下列这类句子。You say Tom went to the ball yesterday. So he did, and so did I.,(6) 当neith
30、er, nor位于句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于另一人或物时“I didnt mean what I said, you know.” “Neither (Nor) did I”. Johns not been to London, neither has Ben.,（7）用于“形容词（或名词、动词）”+as(though) 引导的让步状语从句中Pretty as she is , she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again. Child as he was, he had to make a living.注:从句的表语是
31、名词，其名词前不加任何冠词,_, Bob still went on with the experiment. A. As he was tired B. As was he tired C. Tired as he was D. As tired as he 答案：C (2008年6月学位英语真题),巧记倒装句,巧计倒装顺口溜 NB 前倒后不， O,NU 主倒从不倒， 2N 前倒后也倒， NM前后均不倒。, NB代表Not only，but also引导的并列句。 not only位于句首时，所引导的前面的分句倒装，后面的分句不倒装。故此称为“前倒后不倒”。如：Not only did he
32、 come，but also he was very happy,O代表only状语从句；NU代表Not until状语从句。此两种结构位于句首时，倒装主句而不倒装从句，即：“主倒从不倒”。如： 1）Only when he told me did I know it 2）Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wastedNo soonerthan, Hardly/Scarcelywhen等句型也属此类用法。如： No sooner（Hardly） had we reached home than（when）it
33、 began to rain,2N代表Neithernor所引导的并列句。2N若位于两分句之首，则前后分句均倒装。即“前倒后也倒”。如：Neither do I know her name，nor does he.,NM即No matter引导的状语从句。此时前面从句及后面主句均不倒装。即“前后均不倒”。如：No matter how busy he is，he always comes to help us,1.You like singing and dancing. . A. So do I B. So I do C.I do so D. do I so 2.Her mother is
34、a warm-hearted old lady . A. So my mother is B. So is my mother C. Is my mother so D. My mother so is 3. Not until sixteen to school. A. he was；did he go B. he was；he went C. was he；he did go D. was he；went he,4. Hardly when it began to rain. A. had he got home B. he had got home C. had got home he
35、D. he home had got 5. Little . A. did I think of it B. I thought of it C. did think I of it D. thought of it I 6. Never before in her life such beautiful and precious jewelry. A. he saw B. did he see C. has she seen D. she has seen,7. So busy that he has no time to spare.A. he was B. was he C. he is D. is he8. Only in this way . A. we can well do it B. can we well do it C. we can do it well D. can we do it well,
