1、工程管理专业英语,什么是专业英语,专业英语 (English for Special Science and Technology) 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法，特别注意客观事实和真理，表达准确(accuracy)、精炼(conciseness)和正式(formal)。 是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性、涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。 专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系，专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的词汇特点，语法特点、修饰特点和翻译特点等等。,专业英语的翻译,
2、Let the readers have the same feelings as the natives. 翻译是将一种语言转换成另一种语言，使得两种语言的受众者有同样的感受。Criterions: 信fidelity 即忠实于原文的内容，包括思想、感情、风格等（第一位） 达intelligibility 即用词正确得体，行文流畅通顺（必须的）； 雅elegance 即追求译文的古雅（追求目标）。,Exam: he left angrily. 直译：他愤怒的离去。/他愤然离去。他拂袖而去。（古译）音译：Brownie 布朗尼蛋糕 （巧克力蛋糕） 名称Newport 纽波特 （新港口） 地名l
3、aser 莱塞，镭射 （激光） 术名 音意译混译: acrowax 艾克罗石蜡 （艾克罗地区产的石蜡） 形译： I-bar 工型钢， T-bean T型梁X-ray X射线,科技文章的特点概述,科技文章崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。简而言之，科技文章的特点：清晰、准确、精练、严密。,1、大量使用名词化结构,英语与汉语的一个明显不同点：汉语中动词占优胜，动词使用的范围很广；而英语中名词占优势，名词使用范围很广。 科技文体更是如此。 原因：强调存在的事实，而非某一行为。Exam. Arch
4、imedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid body.译文：阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。Exam. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。 译文1：The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night. 译文2：The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.,另:科技文体所述的是客观规律，尽量避
5、免使用第一、第二人称。 Exam. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 译文1：If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. 译文2：The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler. 译文3：the use of firebricks round the boiler can considerably redu
6、ce the heat loss.,2、广泛使用被动句,科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。 使用被动句的情况：不必说出主语、不愿说出主语或说不出主语。科技文体往往是前后两种。 Exam. Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine. 译文：要注意机器的工作温度。 Exam. 中美之间已经建立了外交关系。 译文：Diplomatic relations have been esta
7、blished between China and the United States of America. Exam.,3、常使用非限定动词,非限制性动词：分词短语、分词独立结构、不定式、介词加名词短语。 Exam. A direct current is a current which flows always in the same direction. =A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction. 译文：直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。 Exam. Vibrating objects p
8、roduce sound waves and each vibration produces one sound wave. = Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sound wave. 译文：振动着的物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波.,4、大量使用后置定语,1、介词短语The forces due to friction are called frictional forces. 译文：由于摩擦而产生的力叫摩擦力。 A call for paper is now being issued
9、. 译文：征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。 2、形容词或短语 In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light.3、副词 The air outside pressed the side in. 4、单个分词 The results obtained must be checked. 5、定语从句,5、常用句型,1. It that句型 如：It is believed that /据信; It is proved that /已经证实、有人证实; It is re
10、ported that/ 据报道 2.被动句型 Computers may be classified as analog and digital. 3.as结构句型 Microcomputers are very small in size, as is shown in Fig. 5. 4.分词短语句型 The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low. 5.省略句结构句型 An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inert
11、ia.,6、长句较多，复合词及缩略词多,复合词：feed-back, on-and-off-the-road, GIS-Based（geographical information system）, biotechnology, biochemical 缩略词：maths=mathematics，lab=laboratory ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineering MPM=masters in project management,专业英语翻译基本技巧,常见英语从句的译法 定语从句的译法 (1)译成相互独立的并列分句对于一般的非限定性定语从句，往往
12、采用分译法。即将主句译成独立的分句，然后重复关系代词所代替的名词做为第二个分句的主语。 The tendons are frequently passed through continuous channels formed by metal or plastic ducts, which are positioned securely in the forms before the concrete is cast. 译文：预应力钢筋束要穿入用金属管货塑胶管制成的连续孔道中，而金属管或塑胶管在混凝土浇筑之前被稳稳的固定在模板之中。,（2）转译成状语从句很多情况下，英语的定语从句兼有状语从句的
13、功能，在逻辑意义上往往与所限定的词有表示“目的”、“结果”、“原因”、“假设”、“让步”等关系。 Iron, which is not so strong as steel, finds wide application. 译文:虽然铁的强度不如钢，但是它仍有广泛用途（表示让步） This is particular important in fine-grained soils where the water can be sucked up near the surface by capillary attraction. 译文：这一点在细颗粒土壤中尤其重要，因为在这种土壤中，由于毛细引力
14、，水能被吸引到靠近表面的地方。（表示原因）,主语从句的译法在专业英语中，经常使用带形式主语it的主语从句，即以引导词it作形式主语并放在句首，而把从句（真正的主语）放在谓语之后。 (1)译成宾语从句 It is generally accepted that fatigue strength is drastically lower if the concrete is cracked. 译文：人们普遍认为，混凝土若开裂，其疲劳强度就会大大降低。,（2）译成并列分句 It remains to be confirmed that epoxy coating will retain their
15、integrity over long periods of time in alkaline environments. 译文：环氧涂层在碱性环境中能否保持其完整性，这有待进一步证实。 （3）谓语分译 It is a fact that no structural material is perfectly elastic. 译文：事实上，没有一种结构材料是完全的弹性体。,状语从句译法有些状语从句在翻译时候需要进行从句转译，否则译不出原文所表达的实际意义 （1）由连接词when引导的时间状语从句，在语法形式上一般是时间状语，实际上有连接词if的作用。因此翻译这类时间状语从句时往往可以转译成条
16、件状语从句。 如： On the site when further information becomes available, the engineer can make changes in his sections and layout, but the drawing office work will mot have been lost. 译文：在现场若能获取更多的信息资料，工程师就可以对他所做的断面图和设计图进行修改，但是绘图工作也是必不可少的。,英语强调句型的译法英语强调句型“it is (was)that (which, who)”几乎可以强调任何一个陈述句的主语、宾语和状语
17、，以突出其重要性。翻译时，需将其所强调的部分加以突出，例如“正是”,“正因为”, “只有才”等。 It is this kind of steel that the construction worksite needs most urgently. 译文：建筑工地最急需的正是这种钢材。 在强调句型中，有时候被强调的不仅是一个词或词组，而且还可能是一个状语从句。 It is only when piers（桥墩） for long span bridges are built across wide rivers that cellular cofferdams are often used.
18、 译文：只有当在宽阔的河面上修建大跨度桥墩时，才经常使用格型围堰这种方法。,英语被动语态的译法 （1）译成汉语主动句 （2）译成汉语被动句 （3）译成独立结构 It is believed that 有人主张 It is asserted that 有人建议 It is stressed that 有人强调说 It is well known that 众所周知 有时候一些类似的固定句型在翻译时候往往不加主语，如： It is supposed that 据推测 It is said that 据说 It must be pointed out that 必须指出,英语长句翻译 顺译法当英语长
19、句的句法结构、时间顺序、逻辑关系符合汉语习惯时，一般应尽量采用顺译。 倒译法当英语长句的句法结构、时间顺序、逻辑关系与汉语的行文表达习惯相反时，可采用倒译。 综合法很多英语长句进行翻译的时候，往往综合使用顺译和倒译，不同分句分别采用顺译和倒译，以使得各分句都符合汉语表达习惯。,Chapter 1 The Owners Perspective,1.2 Major Types of Construction Residential Housing Construction 居民住宅 Institutional and Commercial Building Construction 办公商业楼 S
20、pecialized Industrial Construction 专业化工业项目建设 Infrastructure and Heavy Construction 重大基础项目建设,Chapter 1 The Owners Perspective,Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of c
21、onstruction pertinent to them . 由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑物感兴趣，因而他们应当对适合他们的建设类型的实务有着一定的了解。,Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration（混合物） of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantage
22、s. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation（修复） of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive.,Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realiz
23、e because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives（激励） for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction . 这些业主有着他们自己也没有意识到的影响建筑业的能力，因为通过其个人行为，他们可以对建筑业的创新、效率以及质量施加积极的或消极的影响。 It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exe
24、rcise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.,Residential housing construction includes single-family houses, multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments . During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the constructio
25、n industry usually serve as surrogate（代理） owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures .,Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, sinc
26、e many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time . 由于许多住宅项目可以在不同的地点由不同的开发商同时开工，因此往往市场总需求的一点微小增加就可能引起此类建筑投资的急剧增加。,Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as s
27、chools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities（娱乐设施） and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure1-3 .,Because of the higher costs and grea
28、ter sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing, this market segment is shared by fewer competitors . 与住宅类房屋建设相比，此类房屋建设成本成本高且功能复杂，所以市场份额由较少的竞争者来瓜分。,Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects, with a high degree o
29、f technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants, as is shown in Figure1-4 . 专业化工业项目建设涉及范围很广，含有高等级技术复杂性的这样一类项目建设，包括炼油厂、钢铁厂、化工厂和火力电站、核电站，如图1-4所示。,Infrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways,
30、 mass transit systems, tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage（排水） systems and sewage(污水) treatment plants, as is shown in Figure1-5. Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mecha
31、nization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations.,The engineers and builders engaged in infrastructure construction are usually highly specialized since each segment of the market requires different types of skills . 由于不同的项目需要不同的专门技术，参与基础设施项目建设的设计方和建造方都具有相当程度的专业化水平。,Traditional
32、ly, the owner engages an architectural and engineering (A/E) firm or consortium as technical consultant in developing a preliminary design. After the engineering design and financing arrangements for the project are completed, the owner will enter into a construction contract with a general contract
33、or either through competitive bidding or negotiation.,The A/E firms, which are engaged by the owner as the prime professionals for design and inspection, have become more isolated from the construction process. In order to reduce the cost of construction, some owners introduce value engineering, whi
34、ch seeks to reduce the cost of construction by soliciting（征求） a second design that might cost less than the original design produced by the A/E firm.,In particular, designs will be closely scrutinized（详细检查） for their constructibility. However, an owner engaging a design/construct firm must insure th
35、at the quality of the constructed facility is not sacrificed by the desire to reduce the time or the cost for completing the project. Also, it is difficult to make use of competitive bidding in this type of design/construct process. As a result, owners must be relatively sophisticated（老练） in negotia
36、ting realistic and cost-effective construction contracts.,In recent years, a new breed of construction managers (CM) offers professional services from the inception to the completion of a construction project. These construction managers mostly come from the ranks of A/E firms or general contractors
37、 who may or may not retain dual roles in the service of the owners.,Construction Contractors,The function of a general contractor is to coordinate all tasks in a construction project. Unless the owner performs this function or engages a professional construction manager to do so, a good general cont
38、ractor who has worked with a team of superintendents（监管者）, specialty contractors or subcontractors together for a number of projects in the past can be most effective in inspiring loyalty and cooperation.,Specialty contractors include mechanical, electrical, foundation, excavation（挖掘）, and demolitio
39、n（拆） contractors among others. They usually serve as subcontractors to the general contractor of a project. In some cases, legal statutes may require an owner to deal with various specialty contractors directly.,Major material suppliers include specialty contractors in structural steel fabrication a
40、nd erection, sheet metal（金属片）, ready mixed concrete delivery, reinforcing steel bar detailers, roofing, glazing etc. Major equipment suppliers for industrial construction include manufacturers of generators, boilers and piping and other equipment.,Chapter2 Organizing for Project Management,2.1 What
41、is Project Management The management of construction projects requires knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process. While the relevant technology, institutional arrangements or processes will differ, the management of such projects has much in co
42、mmon with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace, pharmaceutical and energy developments.,Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project. A project
43、organization will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. According to the Project Management Institute, the discipline of project management can be defined as follows: Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a
44、 project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction. 项目管理是在项目的整个周期内，用现代的管理技术指挥和协调人力和物质资源以实现范围、成本、工期、质量和分享成就等预定目标。,The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in F
45、igure 2-1. General management Special knowledge domains Supporting disciplines,Subsequently, the functions of project management for construction generally include the following: Specification of project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance
46、requirements, and selecting project participants. Maximization of efficient resource utilization through procurement of labor, materials and equipment according to the prescribed schedule and plan. Implementation of various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, esti
47、mating, contracting and construction in the entire process. Development of effective communications and mechanisms for resolving conflicts among the various participants.,Professional construction management refers to a project management team consisting of a professional construction manager and ot
48、her participants who will carry out the tasks of project planning, design and construction in an integrated manner. Contractual relationships among members of the team are intended to minimize adversarial （敌对的）relationships and contribute to greater response within the management group.,2.2 Professi
49、onal Construction Management,A professional construction manager is a firm specialized in the practice of professional construction management which includes: Work with owner and the A/E firms from the beginning and make recommendations（建议） on design improvements, construction technology, schedules
50、and construction economy. Propose design and construction alternatives if appropriate, and analyze the effects of the alternatives on the project cost and schedule. Monitor subsequent development of the project in order that these targets are not exceeded without the knowledge of the owner. Coordinate procurement of material and equipment and the work of all construction contractors, and monthly payments to contractors, changes（变更）, claims（索赔） and inspection for conforming design requirements. Perform other project related services as required by owners.,
