1、第19讲 不定式(一),2,不定式（Infinitive）,二 带to的不定式（To-infinitive与不带to的不定式（Bare-infinitive）,1 在情态动词之后一般不带toEg:You must do as youre told.但边际情态动词（Mmarginal Modal Auxiliary）如：need,dare等词不同.1）Need 作情态助动词，其后接带to不定式作主动词，其后 接不带to不定式eg:We neednt say this evening.(助动词)We dont need to stay this evening.（主动词）2）Dare 作情态助动词
2、接不带to不定式作主动词接带to不定式eg:I dare not go there.I do not dare to go there.2 在半助动词后接不带to 不定式,4,eg:Have you got to the dentists today I happened to be out when he called.,3 在情态成语（Modal Idiom）后1）在would rather / would sooner / would just as soon(宁愿)，may / might (just) as well (不妨，可以)，cannot but / cannot help
3、but (不能不，不得不)等后接 不带to的不定式eg:Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.Since its a fine day we might as well walk.We can not but weep at the sad news.2) 而 would rather/would sooner/would (just) as 之后也能跟than-/as- 分句，译为“宁愿而不愿” 在这种that-/as-分句中接不带to 的不定式.,Eg: He would rather listen to others than t
4、alk himself. I would just as soon stay as go.,4,在rather/sooner than之后，这两者多同义，译为：宁可而不（1）当其置于句首时，+不带to不定式Eg: Rather than cause trouble,he left.(2)当其置于句中其他位置时，既可带to也可不带toEg: He decided to write rather than tel- ephon,5，在“主动词+主动词”的第一主动词之后，这里 第二主动词指的是不带to的不定式，常见的有： make believe(假装)，make do(with/on)(凑合) l
5、et drop/let fall(有意无意说出)，let fly(at) (发出，射出)，let slip(无意说出，错过机会) let go(of)/leave go of(放开，放手),hear tell (of)(听说),(let)go hang(见鬼去吧，才不 在乎 等等。,Eg: Lets make believe we have million dollars.He let fall a hint of his intentions. 注：这类搭配间或也能有被动语态：The chance was let slip.间或也能分开：It would be crazy to let ac
6、hance like that slip.,7,这种用法被归入“使役动词+宾语+不带to的不定式”,6，在“使役动词+宾语”之后，let,make,have等使役动词+宾语 之后不带to的不定式Eg: We cant let it go.I dont know how she makes the money go round特别：当使役动词为被动语态时，不带to不定式转为带to的不定式。例如：John made her tell him everything.She was made to tell him everything.,7,在“感觉动词+宾语”之后，在see,hear,notice
7、,feel 等感觉动词+宾语之后用不带to不定式。例如： The two boys were sorry indeed to see him go. I watched him eat his breakfast. (1)“look at和listen to+宾语”之后也能用不带to的 不定式。 Eg: Look at that boy jump! Do you like listen to other people talk？ （2）上述动词为被动语态时，不带to不定式转化为带to 不定式。 Eg: They saw him enter the building. He was seen t
8、o enter the building.,8,在have know+宾语之后，这里的know以完成体形 式出现，译为：看过，听过。其后接不带to不定 式。但如果是被动态则用带to不定式。例如： I have never known(=seen) that man smile. That man has never been known to smile. 9,在help(help+宾语)之后，可用带to不定式也可 用不带to不定式。 Eg: Ill help you solve it. 10,在介词except/but之后，如果在此之前有动词 “do”的任何形式，其后不带to,否则带to.
9、Eg: They did nothing except work. Theres no choice but to wait. 注：在SVC句型中，如果主语部分有动词do的任 和形式，则作主语补足语的不定式可带to也,可不带to.例如： All you do now is (to) complete the form. The only thing I can do now is (to) go on by myself. 11,在why/why not?之后，在此句式中，紧接 why之后的不定式常不带to.例如： Why argue with him? Why not give Mary s
10、ome flowers? 1)在一些习惯性用法之后 a)在go,come,try等动词之后可接不带to的不 定式。例如： Go post(=go and post) a letter to me. I must go telephone(=go and lelephone),2)在某些带有感情色彩的简短话语中间接不带 to的不定式作谓语.但在某些结构中也可用 带to不定式。例如： Me(to) borrow money from him. Him ask her for help. 练习： 一. (1)Rather thanrun risk of lost everything they ac
11、cepted his term. (2)Don Jose had grown morose and rarely left the house except_attend Mass 二. (1)His uncle was said to havethis remark. (2)He picked up a stone,andthe barking dog.,19.2关于不定式符号的几个问题 1，不定式符号的单独使用问题 1）为了避免重复，可以省略不定式符号之后的 动词原形及其补足成分。这种用法常见于非正 式语体中。例如： You may go if you wish to(). He alwa
12、ys speaks faster than he needs to. 2)如果不定式符号之后的动词原形为be/have,在 省略句中be/have保留，但随后的成分仍可省。 Eg:He hasnt finish yet. Well,he ought to have() 3)有时不定式号和随后的动词及其补足成分都可以省。例如： You will make if you try (to),2,不定式符号的省略问题 1）当两个带to不定式由and/or连接时，第二个不、 定式符号常省略。例如： Christina hardly knew whether to laugh or () cry. 2)但
13、若两个并列的带to不定式有对比含义，第二 个不定式号不能省。例如： To be ,or not to be,thats a question. 3)在不用并列连词的情况下，第二个不定式符号 也不能省。例如： Please go to the seaside, to swim to get suntanned. He likes to stay with the peasant,to work in the field with them.,4)当三个或三个以上带to不定式构成排比结构时， 所有的不定式符号均保留。例如： Please not to contradict or confute;n
14、ot to believe and take for granted;not to find talk and discourse;but to weigh and consider. 3,不定式符号to与介词to的辨别问题 1）动词+介词to Eg:Keeping what belongs to another amount to stealing. He admitted to having taken the money. 注：agree,mean,come,get，swear若接不定式则含义不同。例如：,He swore to tell the truth.(表示“发誓要”) He c
15、ame to realize that he was mistaken (表示“终于明白”） 2)动词+名词/代词+介词to. Eg:He attributes his success to hard work/ hard working. Its hard to reconcile oneself to being sick a long time. 3)动词+ed分词+介词to Eg:He is resigned to losing the competition He was reduced to begging for food 4)动词+副词小品词+介词to Eg:We were l
16、ooking forward to seeing you again.,5)形容词+介词to Eg：Whatever you may say,she is a deaf to reasoning. 6)名词+介词to Eg:The classroom is provided with some visual aids to teaching English. 7)以介词to结尾的复杂介词（complex preposition） Eg:He wrote to me preliminary to visiting me. 第20讲 不定式（二） 20.1不定式与形容词的搭配关系 1,主句主语是不
17、定式结构的逻辑主语能用于这一搭配的形 容词都是一些动态形容词，可分为四大类： 1）表示喜怒哀乐的形容词+不定式 例如： He is glad to help others.,2020/3/7,第二十讲,不定式（二）,2020/3/7,20.1不定式与形容词的搭配关系,1,主句主语是不定式结构的逻辑主语能用于这一搭配的形 容词都是一些动态形容词，可分为四大类： 1）表示喜怒哀乐的形容词+不定式 例如： He is glad to help others.,2)表示运气好坏的形容词+不定式 例如： He was lucky to find it. 3)表示心理状态，个人态度的形容词+不定式 例如：
18、 Heis anxious to see her. 注：但如果主句主语是不定式的逻辑主语，就用将不定 式的逻辑主语引出。例如： Id be afraid for her to go swimming alone. 4)表示性格特征和行为表现的形容词+不定式 例如： He is foolish to meet her again. 特别：这类句子都可以转化为it句型： It is foolish of him to meet her again. 2,主句主语是不定式的逻辑宾语，这种一般有两种情况： 1）能以不定式结构作主语并能转化为线性it结构 Eg：Thequestion is diffic
19、ult to answer. To answer that question is difficult. It is difficult to answer the question.,2)不能以不定式作主句主语，因而不能用it先行结构 转换。例如： The coffee is bitter to taste. to taste the coffee is bitter .(false) 这种“形容词+不定式”结构在一定上下文中往往带有否 定含义。但这种否定含义与形容词本身的意义有着密切关系。 3，“某些形容词+不定式结构”作主语补语的歧义现象， 这类结构的主句主语既可是不定式的逻辑主语也可是
20、逻辑宾语，从而引起歧义。例如： The book is easy to sell.=These book sell easily. =It is easy to sell these book.,2020/3/7,20.2不定式与名词的搭配关系,1.不定式与名词构成主动关系，动宾关系，同位关系 主动关系 e.g: He was the last guest to arrive(= who arrive). He is not the man to draw back(= who will draw back) when his dignity is concerned. 动宾关系 e.g: H
21、e has a large family to support(= that he must support). 注意：当不定式属于不及物动词时，根据需要，其后需加适当介词。例如： Marry needs a friend to piay with.,2020/3/7,同位关系 e.g： The boy had an impulse to jump over the fence. I have no wish to quarrel with you. 2. 用主动态还是被动态 两种情况均可，意义无甚区别 e.g:There is no time to lose/to be lost. 有些情况
22、下用主动态更自然，例如： Ive got letters to write tonight. 在一些情况下被动态为妥，例如： The case to be investigated are not to be made public in press. 3. “名词+不定式 ”与 “名词+ 介词+ -ing 分词”,2020/3/7,有些名词如attempt,effort,freedom等(书P235)，在其后用不定式或介词+ -ing分词均可。例如： Have you any intention to go/of going there? I have many reasons to fea
23、r/for fearing him. 有些名词只用不定式，这类名词包括：ability, agreement, ambition,anxiety, curiosity, disposition,mind,obligation，permission, refusal, reluctance, temptation, 等 例如：I have a wish to travel in the countryside.我希望去乡间旅行。 有些名词后只接介词+ -ing分词，如：aptitude,delay,difficulty（书P235）等： 例如：他有丰富的教学经验。He has much expe
24、rience in teaching.,2020/3/7,20.3不定式与动词的搭配关系三种情况：,1) 动词+不定式 agree, aim, etc. (见书P237)他同意陪我去逛街。 He agreed to go shopping with me.我要当个律师。（以为目标）I aim to be a lawyer. 2) 动词+宾语+不定式第一类动词：see, hear, watch, feel（表示感觉的动词）你看到他出去了吗？ Did you see him go out?,2020/3/7,第二类动词：have, let, make, get（表示“致使”的动词）例如：老师让我们
25、明天交作业. The teacher had us hand in homework tomorrow.第三类动词：arrange for, ask for, rely on（词组动词）例如：我安排了一辆车去车站接你。I arranged for a car to pick you up at the station.他要求/依赖他的朋友来帮助他。He asked for /relied on his friend to helphim.,2020/3/7,第四类动词：consider, declare, find, prove等（表示心理状态的动词）我认为他是个傻瓜。I considered
26、 him (to be) a fool.法官宣布他无罪。 The judge declared him (to be) innocent. 第五类动词：advise, allow, forbid等（表示“劝告”、“允许”、“禁止”等动词）我建议他戒烟。I advised him to give up smoking.我不准你吸烟。I forbid you to smoke here.,2020/3/7,3) 动词+(宾语)+不定式 这类动词如ask,cant bear,hate等，既可直接带不定式，也可带宾语+不定式。例如： I cant bear to see you like this.
27、She hates people to be so selfish. 其中大多数可带that- 分句。例如： He hated that people should be so selfish. 有的可直接带-ing分词结构。例如： I hate troubling you about trifles.,2020/3/7,第21讲-ING分词,2020/3/7,21.1-ING分词与动词的搭配关系：,-ING分词与动词的搭配关系：1、V+Ing分词2、V+宾语+介词+ing分词,2020/3/7,1、V+Ing分词,能带-ing分词而不能带不定式结构作宾语的常见动词：admit, acknow
28、ledge, anticipate, advocate,appreciate, avoid, cant help, cant resist, cant stand, consider, contemplate, defer, deny, dislake, favor, dont mind, ensure, escape, finish, give up, include, miss, practice, pardon, put off, report, risk, stop, suggest etc.,2020/3/7,Examples:1. He acknowledged being ign
29、orant of the facts.2. Please pardon my disturbing you.3. We appreciate your inviting us to your party.,2020/3/7,-ING分词的逻辑主语：1.在特定的语境中，-ing分词的逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的，因而无需表达出来。eg.Father suggested going by bus.,2020/3/7,2.-ing分词的逻辑主语已在句中其他地方出现，因而也无需表示出来。eg.Would you mind ringing me up to tomorrow.,2020/3/7,3.
30、-ing分词本身带有自己的主语，因而要表现出来。如果不表示出来回产生歧义。eg.She insisted on me going.,2020/3/7,-ING分词的逻辑主语可以为：名词通格、名词属格、代词宾格和物主限定词eg. John Johns I dont mind him buying another one.his 在口语中，比较倾向于用名词通格和代词宾格。,2020/3/7,2.动词+宾语+介词+ -ing分词,1.V+宾语+into+-ing分词.2.V+宾语+from+-ing分词.3.V+宾语+for/on/of等+ing分词,2020/3/7,V+宾语+into+-ing分
31、词,常见的这些词有：trick, mislead, shame, surprise, talk, trape, beguile, deceive, fool,etc. 1. He tricked her into marrying him by pretending that he was rich.(这个男的他。) 2. Her sudden question surprised him into betraying himself. 3.Bob talked us into walking home with him,2020/3/7,V+宾语+from+-ing分词,常见的这些词有：st
32、op, keep, prevent, hinder, restain, save,etc. eg. We cant stop it (from) happening here. 注：在此句式中,如果是主动形式则from有时可以省略；若为被动态，则from不可省略。 eg.It cant be stopped from happening here.,2020/3/7,21.2既能直接带不定式又能直接带-ing分词的V,1.能带不定式和-ing分词而意义无甚区别的V2.能带不定式和-ing分词而意义不同的V,2020/3/7,能带不定式和-ing分词而意义无甚区别的V：attempt, begi
33、n, cant bear, continue, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, plan, prefer, start,etc.,2020/3/7,1.在begin, cant bear, cease, continue, dread, like, love, neglect, prefer, propose, start,etc.V之后，如表示一般的行为，用-ing分词居多；如表示特定的或具体的动作，则用不定式较多。eg.I cant bear living alone.I cant bear to see t
34、he child treated stupidly.,2020/3/7,3.在begin, start之后，若跟的是静态动词，便只能用不定式。We began to to see what he meant. 注：当 begin, start已用于进行体时，其后的V也用不定式。Its beginning to rainIt begins to rain 有何区别 It begins rainning,2020/3/7,4.在attempt, intend, plan之后，既可跟不定式又可以接-ing分词。(一般跟不定式)eg.I planned to go/going myself. 如果上述
35、词为进行体，则只能跟不定式。eg.We are planning to visit France this summer.We plan to visit France this summer.,2020/3/7,能带不定式和-ing分词而意义不同的V在forget, go on, leave off, mean, regret，remember, stop,etc. 这类动词又可以分为五类：,2020/3/7,1.在remember, forget之后，用-ing分词表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”之前，用不定式则表示动作发生在“记得”、“忘记”之后。(记得、忘记做过sth.)(记得、忘记要
36、做sth.)eg.Cant you remember telling me the story last night?=You told me the story last night. Cant you remember it?You must remember to tell him all that.=You must tell him all that.Dont forget it.,2020/3/7,regret.I regret telling you that Jhon stole it.(后悔做过/正在做sth.)I regret to tell you that Jhon s
37、tole it.(感觉遗憾/抱歉去做sth.),2020/3/7,在stop, leave off, go on等V之后，通常用-ing分词结构作宾语；若用不定式结构，便不是宾语而是目的状语，相当于in order to.eg.They stopped watching TV at 9:30.=At 9:30 they did not watch TV any more.They stopped to watch TV at 9:30.=They poused to at 9:30 in order to watch TV.,2020/3/7,3.在try, mean, cant help等V
38、之后用-ing分词还是不定式，取决于这些V本身的不同含义。eg.Your plan would mean spending hours. (意味着。)I didnt mean to make you angry.(打算。),2020/3/7,4.在agree, decide等V之后，可直接加不定式，但若带-ing分词，则必须在-ing分词前添加介词。eg.to shareThey agreed the remuneration.on sharing,2020/3/7,5.在encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authorise等V之后，一般
39、用-ing分词结构作宾语，但也可带有自己的逻辑主语的不定式结构。eg.They encouraged learning English by radio and TV.They encouraged me to learn English by radio and TV.,2020/3/7,. -ing分词的一些惯用法,在英语实际交际中，还有一些特殊用法或句型。(1) There be no doing = It is impossible to do 。 There is no telling whether he will keep his words. 他会不会遵守诺言很难说。(2) H
40、ow / What about doing = How do you like / What do you think of How about hiking this Sunday? 本周星期天去远足怎么样？(3) on doing= as soon as + clause , On hearing the bad news, the little girl burst out crying. 一听到这一噩耗，小女孩就大哭了起来。,2020/3/7,(4) There be no end to doing 无止境。 If everyone wants others to dance to h
41、is music, there will be no end to fighting in the world. 要是大家都要其它的人来按照他的意志做事，那么世界上就永远没有安宁的日子。(5) without so much as doing = even. not. 甚至，连都没有。 He started his company without so much as having his own office. 他创办公司时连自己的办公室都没有(from )。 (6) lose no time in doing = begin to do at once. 立刻做。 There are ve
42、ry few days left for examination, so we can lose no time in revising our lessons. 离考试没几天了，我们得抓紧复习我们的功课了。,2020/3/7,(7) be up on the point of doing = be going to do 即将做。 We believe our China is on the point of creating a new era. 我们相信我们中国即将开创一个新时代。 (8) in (the) hope of doing 怀着希望。 After graduating fro
43、m university, he went to Shenzhen in the hope of finding a good job. 大学毕业以后，他去深圳希望找到一个好的工作。 (9) for the purpose of doing = for the sake of 为了。 He went on studying abroad for the purpose of serving the people better. 他继续去国外深造以便能更好地为人民服务。,2020/3/7,(10) come near doing = almost do几乎，差一点儿。 He came near
44、dying in the traffic accident. 他在那场车祸中差一点丧了命,2020/3/7,第22讲-ED分词,2020/3/7,221 -ed分词作前置修饰语-ed分词作前置修饰语通常来自及物动词，少数来自不及物动词。分述如下： 1）来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语来自及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语通常带有被动意义和完成意义；而能作上述用法的-ing分词有的来自及物动词，有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义。试比较：frozen food a freezing winda bored traveler a boring journeya lost cause
45、 a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking bird a recorded talk a recording machinea closed shop the closing hourwritten language writing paper,2020/3/7,有些-ed分词通常不能单独使用作前置修饰语，但若加前缀un-或者为副词所修饰而构成“副词+-ed分词”的复合形容词以后，便可作作前置修饰语。
46、例如： uninvited guests badly-built house untold sufferings far-fetched reasons unheard-of stories newly-born children an undetermined boundary half-baked ideas an unedited story highly-developed industry an unexpected happening a properly-started engine,2020/3/7,2）来自不及物动词的-ed分词作前置修饰语来自不及物动词的-ed分词很少能单独
47、用作前置修饰语，能作这种用法的仅限于下面几个词，这些前置修饰语仅表示完成意义，不表示被动意义。 例如：a retired worker = a worker who has retiredan escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escapedfallen leaves = leaves that have fallen,2020/3/7,某些来自不及物动词的-ed分词，单独一个词不可以作前置修饰语（如不可以说a behaved boy， a traveled businessman），但若与某些副词构成复合形容词，便可作前置修饰语。 例如：well-b
48、ehaved children=children who behave wella widely-travelled businessman=one who has traveled widely,2020/3/7,222 -ed分词作补语能用作补语的-ed分词也大都来自及物动词。凡是已经形容词化了的-ed分词，大都可以既作名词修饰语又作主语补语或宾语补语。 例如：The door remains locked。I found the door locked。I found a locked door。The man looked disappointed。I found him disappointed。He was the most disappointed man。,2020/3/7,1） 古英语遗留下来的几个-ed分词的用法问题在现代英语中，还有少数从古英语遗留下来、现在只用作形容词的-ed分词，有的在形式上与一般的-ed分词不同，有的在用作名词修饰语或补语时各采取不同形式。兹列表如下：,
