1、Sally Jameson: Valuing Stock Options in a Compensation PackageBy Group 101. If we ignore tax consideration and assume that Sally Jameson is free to sell her options at any time after she joins Telstar, which compensation package is worth more?First scenario, if Sally chooses stock options and hold u
2、ntil maturity date. Ignoring the taxation and other constraints, the future value of cash compensation at the end of the 5th year will be 5000 * (1 + 0.0602) 5 = 6697.44. We can easily form the equation 3000 * (P 35) = 6697.44, where P is the future stock price of Telstar, so the stock price must in
3、crease to at least 37.23 at the end of 5th year to get the same amount of the cash compensation and if the stock price where to stay below 35, Sally option would be worth nothing. The stock, which pays no dividend and is not expected to pay one in the foreseeable future, is trading at 18.75. It seem
4、s significant difference between the exercise price and the spot price. As shown in Exhibit 2, Telstar stock price has increased higher than $35 only once and 10-year average stock price is around 20. Therefore, the chance that the value of option is greater than the cash compensation is very rare.S
5、econd scenario, assume Sally is free to sell options at any time after her joining Telstar, she may sell her option immediately after receiving. Then we try to price the value of stock option by using Black - Scholes Model.We know that the stock is currently trading at $18.75 and the exercise price
6、is $35. We take the 5 year T-bill rate 6.02% as the risk free rate. From the Exhibit 2, we can calculate the volatility of Telstar stock return is around 27.65%. Plug them into the formula, the call option price will be 2.53. At this amount, Sallys options would be presently worth 2.53 * 3000 = 7590
7、. She is better off taking the option.2. How should we factor in the complications ignored in question 1? How would they affect the value of the option to Ms. Jameson? What should she do? Why? In considering taxes, transaction costs and difficulty of option liquidity, we conclude that cash package i
8、s worth more than stock option package and therefore, it is suggested that Sally choose cash package.The tax impact calculation: Senario 1： Cash signing bonusBonus a 5,000 Tax rate b 28%Amount after tax c = a *(1-b) 3,600 Interest (equ. Risk free rate) d 6.02%Future value e=c*(1+d)4+a*d*(1+d)4 4,928
9、.64 Note: tax will be deducted at the end of year 1.Senario 2： Stock optionFuture value 4,928.64 = (FV-35)*3000*(1-28%)Price of share 5 year later 37.28 Current stock price 18.75 Growth rate 98.8%= 37.28/18.75-1Since tax rate cannot be put in Black-Scholes model directly to calculate the option pres
10、ent value, we used following approach to estimate the potential future share price, if ms. Jameson would like to earn the same. Assume that she will hold the stock more than 1 year and applicable tax rate is 28%, capital gain tax rate.Note: If Ms. Jameson would like to have a gain equivalent to what
11、 she earns from cash bonus (4,928), the stock price after five year shall at least exceed USD 37.28/share.Taking account of the calculation above and following uncertainties that exist if Sally selects stock option, we consider it is better for her to choose signing bonus. The likelihood that stock
12、price exceeds USD 37.28 is low. From the exhibit 2, we note that ceiling of Telstar Common Stock seems to be nearly USD 35. Uncertain factors from the time value and other risk points in the future. If Ms. Jameson leaves Telstar during the vesting period (5 year), she cannot obtain the option. It gi
13、ves rise the opportunity cost to Sally that she may not go for another better company in the vesting period, even if she may not stay at Telstar for that long.3. Does granting stock options cost companies anything? If so, who pays? What incentives do executive option plans create for their recipient
14、s? How might firms create more efficient or effective incentives?As early as 2001, after the financial scandal of Enron, the FASB announced that the stock options must be treated as costs of firms. Now both the USA and China accounting system determine stock options as labor cost of firms, which be
15、paid by the companies. It is intangible, also can be seen as probable pay to the recipients. However, this cost must be shown on the financial report and deducted from the income of the firms. According to the nature of stock options, it connects the benefits of the companies and the executives toge
16、ther and encourages the executives to work hard to boost the value of firms so that they can get capital gains via exercising the options. To create more efficient or effective incentives, a firm can consider the flowing ways besides the stock option:a. Mental incentives. Maslows Demand Theory tells
17、 us that when lower physical needs be satisfied, people acquire more mental needs. Therefore mental incentives as humanities concern can extremely stimulate the employees enthusiasm.b. Authorization. This method is commonly overlooked by most firms. In fact, it not only can increase employees sense
18、of belonging and participation, but disperse tasks at no cost, which increases the efficiency. The most important effect is to provides good development opportunities to employees and attract talents. c. Training. This point is also at the mental aspect. When the employees salary reaches a certain l
19、evel, they need more training as rewards. Because training can provide better career developments and labor value.4. What if Ms. Jameson decided that the option was a better deal, but she did not want to have all her financial wealth (as well as her human capital) tied to the fortunes of Telstar? As
20、suming she works at Telstar and accepts the option grant, is there anything she could do to untie some of her financial wealth from Telstar?Although the option sounded a good choice, if Sally did not want to have all her financial wealth (as well as her human capital) tied to the fortunes of Telstar
21、, she had better choose the cash rather than the option. Because the option was a better deal depended on a fact that the volatility was computed on the base of 10 years. There was a very big chance that in less than 5 years or even only 1 or 2 years, the volatility would much less than the number w
22、e computed before, as the year 1988 had contributed the biggest volatility because of economy reasons. It means that the value of the option tended to be valueless in short time if the stock price happened to performance steadily.Assuming Sally works at Telstar and accepts the option grant, she can sell some of her options when the price exceed 5000/3000=1.67 or execute some of her options when the stock price is above $35. Sally could keep a portion of the stock options and trade some in the market. That would somehow untie some of her financial wealth from Telstar.
