1、Production and Growth生产与增长Chapter 4Analysis Approach LEARNING OBJECTIVESu By the end of this chapter, we should understand:u how much economic growth differs around the world.世界各国 经济增长 有多大不同u why productivity is the key determinant of a countrys standard of living.为什么 生产率 是一国生活水平的关键决定因素u the factors
2、 that determine a countrys productivity.决定一国生产率的 因素u how a countrys policies influence its productivity growth.一国的 政策 如何影响其生产率增长Production and GrowthuVideo US PRODUCTIVITY DECLINES IN Q2.mp4Production and Growth生产与增长A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services.一
3、国的生活水平决定于它生产物品与劳务的能力。Production and Growth生产与增长Within a country there are large changes in the standard of living over time.即使在一个国家内，生活水平也随着时间推移而发生了巨大变化。Production and Growth生产与增长In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percen
4、t per year.在美国过去一个世纪里，按人均实际GDP衡量的平均收入每年增长 2左右。Production and GrowthuProductivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced for each hour of a workers time.uA nations standard of living is determined by the productivity of its workers.生产与增长u生产率 是指一个工人一小时生产的物品与劳务量。u一国的生活水平决定于它的工人的生产率。Table 1
5、 The Variety of Growth ExperiencesCopyright2004 South-Western表 1. 不同 的增长经历Copyright2004 South-Western国别 时期 期初人均 GDP 期末人均 GDP 增长率（每年） 日本 1890 2000 1 256美元 26 460美元 2.81巴西 1900 2000 650 7 320 2.45墨西哥 1900 2000 968 8 810 2.23加拿大 1870 2000 1 984 27 330 2.04德国 1870 2000 1 825 25 010 2.03中国 1900 2000 598
6、3 940 1.90阿根廷 1900 2000 1 915 12 090 1.86美国 1870 2000 3 347 34 260 1.81印度 1900 2000 564 2 390 1.45印度尼西亚 1900 2000 743 2 840 1.35英国 1870 2000 4 107 23 550 1.35巴基斯坦 1900 2000 616 1 960 1.16孟加拉国 19002000 520 1 652 1.16Economic Growth Around the World世界各国的经济增长Living standards, as measured by real GDP pe
7、r person, vary significantly among nations.人均实际 GDP数据表明各国生活水平差别很大。Economic Growth Around the World世界各国的经济增长The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not been seen in the United States for many decades.最穷的国家的平均收入水平是美国几十年来所没有看到的。Economic Growth Around the WorlduAnnual growth rates
8、that seem small become large when compounded for many years. uCompounding refers to the accumulation of a growth rate over a period of time.世界各国的经济增长u看起来很小的增长率在许多年的复利计算之后变得很大。u复利计算 是指在一个时期内的增长率的累积。Compounding and the Rule of 70复利计算与 70规则的魔力According to the rule of 70, if some variable grows at a rat
9、e of x percent per year, then that variable doubles in approximately 70/x years.根据 70规则， 如果某个变量每年按 x% 增长，那么在将近 70/x年以后该变量翻一番。An Example of the Rule of 70u$5,000 invested at 7 percent interest per year, will double in size in 10 years 70/ 7 = 1070规则的一个例子u每年利率为 7的 5000美元投资在 10年后的价值翻一番。70/ 7 = 10PRODUC
10、TIVITY: ITS ROLE AND DETERMINANTS生产率 :作用及决定因素Productivity plays a key role in determining living standards for all nations in the world. 生产率在决定世界上所有国家的生活水平方面起着关键的作用。Why Productivity Is So Important为什么生产率如此重要Productivity refers to the quantity of goods and services that a worker can produce from each
11、 hour of work.生产率是指一个工人一小时内所生产的物品与劳务量。Why Productivity Is So Important为什么生产率如此重要To understand the large differences in living standards across countries. We must focus on the production of goods and services.为了理解各国生活水平的巨大差别，我们必须集中在物品与劳务的生产上。How Productivity Is Determined 生产率是如何决定的uThe inputs used to
12、 produce goods and services are called the factors of production.用于生产物品与劳务的投入被称为 生产要素uThe factors of production directly determine productivity.生产要素直接决定了生产率。How Productivity Is Determined生产率是如何决定的uThe Factors of Production生产要素Physical capital 物质资本Human capital 人力资本Natural resources 自然资源Technological
13、 knowledge 技术知识How Productivity Is Determinedu Physical Capitalis a produced factor of production. It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services. Tools used to
14、 build or repair automobiles. Tools used to build furniture. Office buildings, schools, etc.生产率是如何决定的u物质资本是生产出来的生产要素。 它是生产过程的投入，也是过去生产过程的产出。是用于生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物的存量。 用于生产或修理汽车的工具。 用于生产家具的工具。 办公楼，学校等等 How Productivity Is DetermineduHuman Capitalthe economists term for the knowledge and skills that worker
15、s acquire through education, training, and experience Like physical capital, human capital raises a nations ability to produce goods and services.生产率是如何决定的u人力资本经济学家用来指工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识和技能的一个术语 。 和物质资本一样，人力资本提高一个国家生产物品与劳务的能力。How Productivity Is Determinedu Natural Resourcesinputs used in production
16、that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits. Renewable resources include trees and forests. Nonrenewable resources include petroleum and coal.can be important but are not necessary for an economy to be highly productive in producing goods and services.生产率是如何决定的u自然资源由自然界提供
17、的用于生产物品与劳务的投入，如土地、河流和矿藏。 可再生资源包括树木和森林。 不可再生资源包括石油和煤炭。可能是重要的，但它们并不是一个经济体生产物品与劳务中生产率高的必要条件。How Productivity Is DetermineduTechnological Knowledgesocietys understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services. Human capital refers to the resources expended transmitting this understanding to the labor force.
