1、嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 1 页 共 28 页2012 届新课标高三第二轮专题讲解（一）分类专有名词 普通名词可数名词 不可数名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词（二）转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换抽象化(抽象名词，不可数名词) 个体名词(可数)in flower 开花 a flower 一朵花儿youth 青春 a youth 年轻人success 成功 a success 成功的人或事物质名词与个体名词的相互转换物质名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词，可数名词)iron 铁 an iron 熨斗glass 玻璃 a glass 玻璃杯chic
2、ken 鸡肉 a chicken 小鸡抽象名词与个体名词的转换抽象名词(不可数) 具体化(个体名词，可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor 赢得荣誉 an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的人(事)Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母.a failure 一个(件) 失败的人( 事)嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 2 页 共 28 页have pity on sb. 怜悯某人 a pity 可惜的事情with
3、 pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事可数名词有单数和复数的变化，而单复数的变化又分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。分 类变化方法举 例单数名词词尾直接加-s boy boys pen pens以 s，x ，ch， sh 结尾的单词一般加-esglassglasses boxboxes watchwatches brushbrushes特例：stomach stomachs以“辅音字母+y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”babybabies lady ladies注意：penny 的两种复数形式含义有所不同：pence（便士的钱数） pennies(便士的枚数)以“o”结尾的多
4、数加-sradios zoos photos pianos kilos tobaccos 而下列名词的复数却要加-es：tomato tomatoes potato potatoes hero heroes规则变化以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v” ，之后再加-eswifewives self selves特例：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs gulfgulfs beliefbeliefs 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men woman-women foot-feet goose-geese mouse-mice 特例：child-ch
5、ildren不规则变化单复数相同sheep deer means（方法） works（作品、工厂、著作）嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 3 页 共 28 页合成名词变成复数的情况：将主体名词变为复数无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数将两部分都变为复数sons-in-law lookers-on passers-by story-tellers boy friendsgrown-ups housewives stopwatcheswomen singers men servants在熟悉以上规则的基础上，特别注意以下几点： 1.注意以下名词数的概念 以 s 结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名
6、词) physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news, the United States 集合名词：表示一类事物的集合或总称，没有复数形式machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 单数和复数形式表达不同的意思custom 风俗，习惯customs 海关 damage 损害damages 赔偿金good 好处，利益goods 货物 time 时间times 时代，次数，倍数fish 鱼肉fishes
7、 各种鱼 paper 纸papers 试卷，文件water 水waters 水域 room 空间rooms 房间time 时间 times 时代 arm 手臂arms 武器有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现，表示具体化，意义发生变化或构成固定短语。use ones brains 动脑筋 meet with difficulties 遇到各种困难make preparations 做准备 in high spirits 情绪高涨good manners 有礼貌 Many thanks.非常感谢。No pains, no gains.不劳无获。 congratulations 祝贺possession
8、s 所有物，财产 surroundings 环境有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。burst into tears 大哭起来 miles of golden sands 绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩burn to ashes 烧成灰烬形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 4 页 共 28 页people, police, cattle, staff, public, theadj.(the rich 富人), the 分词(the wounded 伤员)2.集体名词的数 family, team, audience, class, club, c
9、ommittee, crowd, group, enemy, cattle, government, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff 等集体名词注意其主谓一致，一般来说，视为整体时作单数看待，侧重其成员时则作复数看待。The enemy has suffered heavy losses.The enemy are in flight.名词所有格的规则如下： 名词词尾加s，如 the boys bag, mens room。 若名词已有复数词尾“s” ，只加 “”。如：the workers struggle。由
10、of 构成的所有格：无生命名词的所有格则必须用 of 结构。如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。在熟悉以上规则的基础上，特别注意以下几点： 1.如果两个名词并列，并且分别有“s” ，则表示“分别有” ；只有一个“s” ，则表示“共有” 。 Johns and Marys rooms(分别拥有的房间 )John and Marys room(共有的一间) 2.“s”所有格的特殊表达形式用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。todays newspa
11、per, five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight, ten dollars worth of apples。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。the earths plant, the worlds population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去 shop，house 等名词。the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers 理发店，go to the doctors 上诊所。3.双重所有格：of 名词s( 或 +名词性物主代词)a friend o
12、f Toms some/two students of mine尤其是在表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时常常用这种结构。of 所修饰的名词前通常嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 5 页 共 28 页有指示代词 that/this/these/those，但不能用 the。That invention of hers belongs to the world.她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)注意：当 of 之前的名词是 picture, portrait 等词时含义不同：This is a picture of my friends.这是我朋友收藏的一幅画。This is a pic
13、ture of my friend.这是我朋友的一张照片。名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式，根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类：1.表示中心词的用途、功能、材料stone figures 石像，shoe shop 鞋店，coffee cup 咖啡杯2.表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。summer holidays 暑假，school education 学校教育，evening dress 晚礼服注意：表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。yesterdays news 昨天的消息 an hours drive 开车一小时的路程3.表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。bike key 自
14、行车的钥匙，animal trainer 驯兽师，woman driver 女驾驶员4.表示中心词的内容computer studies 电脑学习，weather report 天气预报，film industry 电影工业5.表示部 分与整体的关系river banks 河岸，animal bones 动物骨头，cigarette ends 烟头名词作定语时的特别注意点：名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式，且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化two pencil- boxes, girl friends, a seven-year-old boy但是，少数的名词作定语却用复数形式。sports sh
15、oes 运动鞋 clothes shops 服装店a sales girl 女销售员 a greetings card 贺卡man 和 woman 作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化a man doctormen doctors; a woman engineerwomen engineers名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。the girl friend 女朋友 the girls friend 那位女孩的朋友the woman driver 女司机the womans driver 那位妇女的司机嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 6 页 共 28 页名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别名词作定语
16、主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象；形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。gold watch 金表 golden sunshine 金色的阳光heart trouble 心脏病 hearty welcome 热忱的欢迎 convenience food 快餐 convenient food 制作方便的食品名词是英语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查，单项填空题中，每年都出现 12 道题。此外，在阅读理解和完形填空中，名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及。因此，在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法等。We always k
17、eep _ spare paper, in case we ran out.A. too much B. a number of C. plenty of D. a good many【解析】 答案为 C。 “paper”作为“纸”解释时为不可数名词，所以先排除 B 和 D 两个选项。根据题意“我们总是准备充足的备用纸张，以防用光。 ”选择答案 C。too much 意为“太多”尽管修饰不可数名词，但用在这儿不符合题意。The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _ pictures
18、of them. A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of【解析】答案为 B。 【解析】 答案为 masses of 意为“大量的”既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词；the number of意为“的数量” ；a large amount of 意为“大量的”后接不可数名词；“many of”后接前面带 有定冠词的名词，意为 “中的许多”。The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. A. a four hour B. a four hours C.
19、 a four-hours D. a four hours【解析】答案为 D。 “walk, ride, drive”等用做名词可用来表示一般距离，其用法结构为：“时间名词的所有格+这些名词” 。The_ is just around the corner and you wont miss it. 嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 7 页 共 28 页A. bicycles shop B .bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D bicycl es shop【解析】答案为 B。表示什么样的商店要用单数名词修饰“shop” 。He dropped the _and
20、 broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup【解析】答案为 D。coffee cup 意为“ 咖啡杯”是指“用来喝咖啡的杯子” 。名词作定语修饰名词。一是考查语义方面的辨析：主要考查某些多义词在特定上下文中的引申含义,以及准确辨别一些同义、近义词在特定语境中的差异的能力。Most air pollution is caused by the burning of_ _ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. produ
21、cts 【解析】答案为 A。由题干中的 “coal，gas，oil”可知都是燃料，故正确答案 A 项意为“燃料” 。articles 意为 “物品” ； goods 意为“货物、商品” ；products 意为“产品” 。To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten,the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ”. A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices【解析】答案为 D。由语境可知，此处指人类的语言，而语言是人类说的声
22、音，因此用“voices”。Shall we go out for a walk?Sorry. This is not the right to invite me. I am too tired to walk.A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance【解析】答案为 A。句意：“ 我们出去散散步好吗？” “对不起，这不是邀请我的合适的时间，我太累了而不想去散步。 ”moment 意为“某一时刻，片刻” ；situation 意为“情形，状况” ；place 意为“地方” ；chance 意为“机会” 。The top leaders of the t
23、wo countries are holding talks in a friendly . A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon【解析】答案为 A。句意：这两个国家的最高领导人在友好的气氛中进行交谈。atmosphere 意为 “气氛，氛围 ”；state 意为“状态” ；situation 意为“形势，局面”；phenomenon 意为“现象” 。Whats the of having a public open space where you cant eat, drink or even simply hang out fo
24、r a 嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 8 页 共 28 页while?A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion【解析】答案为 A。本题所设的语境是：有这样一个你在那里不能吃、不能喝甚至不能动的公共开放场所有什么意义呢？sense 意为“意义、意识” ；matter 意为“问题，麻烦” ；case 意为“情况，问题” ；opinion 意为“意见，看法” 。四个选项中只有A 项符合语境。二是考查搭配方面的辨析：主要考查固定句型中的名词、名词与动词的搭配以及名词与介词的搭配等。The young man made a _to his parents th
25、at he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution【解析】答案为 B。句意：这位年轻人向他的父母许诺说毕业之后他将努力自食其力。make a promise 意为“许诺、答应 ”其后的“that”从句为同位语从句，补充说明先行词“promise”的内容，其它选项不合句意。I bought a dress for only 2010 dollars in a sale; it was a real .A. exchange B. barg
26、ain C. trade D. business【解析】答案为 B。bargain 用作名词时，意为“ 廉价货，便宜货”，a real bargain 意为“真便宜”。It is no arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. A. use B. help C. time D. way【解析】答案为 A。 “it is no use 后接动词+ing 形式”或“动词+ing 形式短语”表示“做某事没有用” 。I have read the material several times but it doesnt make
27、any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance【解析】答案为 C。因为 make sense 意为“有意义、讲得通、有道理” 是固定习语。Dont leave matches or cigarettes on the table within _ of little children. A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance【解析】答案为 B。within one s reach 意为“伸手拿（够）得到 ”，是习语。嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 9 页 共 28 页在英语
28、的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。近几年来，高考关于该内容的考查主要集中在语法一致、逻辑意义一致以及就近（远）一致原则等三个方面。一、语法一致原则只要确定句子的主语是单数意义，则谓语用单数，句子的主语意义复数，则谓语用复数。具体表现如下：1.不可数名词作主语，一律视为单数。某些以 s 结尾的单数名词作主语，仍视为单数。No news is good news.His task was to collect information.How much machinery has been installed?2.表示单一概念的动名词、不定式或句子作主语时，谓语动词用单数。When
29、 and where to go for the onsalary holiday has not been decided yet.3. “ one, either, neither, each of 复数名词或代词” 作主语时， 谓语用单数。Either of the stories is very funny. 4.something, everything, anything, nothing，somebody, nobody, no one 等不定代词作主语，谓语通常是单数。Nothing is impossible.5.表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、数量的复数名词作主语，通常看作一个
30、整体，谓语动词用单数。Ten pounds was missing from the box.6. a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量词修饰名词，通常以量词的单复数形式来决定谓语的单复数。 This pair of glasses is very expensive.Two series of new stamps have been ordered. 7.a number of 复数名词， “许多” ，复数意义；the number of 复数名词， “的数目” ，单数意义。the population of“的人口数量”作主语时
31、，谓语用单数，但如果是分数、百分数、half of, the rest of the population 作主语时，具体指其中的多少人，复数意义，谓语则用复数。the average of“的平均数量” ，作主语时，谓语用单数。The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.The population of China is large and most of the population are farmers.嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 10
32、 页 共 28 页8.主语后 with, together with, along with, except, besides, as well as 等短语时，谓语动词的数要和这些短语前面的名词的单复数保持一致。(因为 with 等词为介词，其后跟的名词只能是介宾，不可能充当主语。)Mr. Green together with his children goes to the park every Sunday.9.“the adj.”结构指一类人时，谓语动词用复数；如果指个别人或表示抽象的概念，谓语动词用单数。The disabled are well taken care of in
33、this country.The dead in this accident was 20, a girl from Nanjing University. The new is certain to replace the old.10.分数、百分数、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据其指代的含义确定。The rest of the workers are still very tired.11.当 and 连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念时，应看作单数，谓语动词用单数。另
34、外，当 and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时，其实是指两种不同的事物，主语则应该看作是复数， 那么谓语动词也应该用复数。War and peac e is a constant theme in history. Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.英语中并列结构表示整体概念的有：iron and steel 钢铁 law and order 治安bread and butter 黄油面包 a watch and chain 一块带链的表a knife and fork 一副刀叉 a coat and tie 一件配有领带的上
35、衣aim and end 目的 truth and honesty 真诚12.what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要取决于作表语的名词的单复数。What surprised me most was his attitude towards his study.13.such 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要根据其意义而定。Such is Stephen Hawking, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.14.quantities of 名词作主语时，不论名词是复数还是不可数，谓语一律用复数。a quantity
36、 of 名词复数作主语时，谓语用复数。a quantity of 不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。 amounts of 不可数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 11 页 共 28 页an amount of 不可数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。Every day quantities of water are wasted. A large amount of damage has been done because of the floods.二、逻辑意义一致原则1.every /each/no 名词and every/ each/ no 名词作主语时，谓语用单
37、数。Every boy and every girl is having sports now.2.“one 单数名词and a half”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。One apple and a half was on the table.3.“more than one 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。More than one student has failed the exam.4.“many a 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Many a child was playing there.【注意】以上四种情况，如果从意义上来讲，主语有复数意义，但由于名词都是以单数形式出
38、现的，故谓语用单数形式，谓语形式上与主语的单数形式一致。三、就近（远）一致原则1.谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, notbut； eitheror， neithernor， not onlybut also 等。Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.2.在倒装句中谓语可与后面最近的一个主语一致。In
39、 the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.3.当 there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boystudents and twentythree girlstudents in the class.4.当一个句子是由 there 或 here 引起，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常和最靠近它的主语一致。Here is
40、a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.5.在定语从句中，关系代词如果在从句中作主语，依先行词决定从句谓语动词的单复数形式；在“one of复数名词 who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，从句中的动词用复数形式；但是之前有 the (only)等修饰语时，则从句中的动词用单数形式。嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 12 页 共 28 页Mary is the only one of the students in our school who has ever been to China.6.主语后面跟有“with
41、, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to”等引起的短语，谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playgro
42、und.She like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.动词不定式、动名词以及名词性从句作主语时的主谓一致Most of what has been said about the Smiths_also true of the Johnsons.A. are B. is C. being D. to be【解析】答案为 B。本题的主语是主语从句通常看作不可
43、数， “most of”修饰主语从句依然是不可数，谓语动词应该用单数形式。one, either, neither, each 等+of+ 复数名词或代词作主语时的主谓一致Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to goto university.So do I. A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped【解析】答案为 B。本题的主语是 “each”， “of the students”作后置定语，修饰“ each”。由 and 连接并列主语时的主谓一致Di d you go to
44、the show last night?Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _invited.A. were B. have been C. has been D. was【解析】答案为 D。主语是“every boy and girl”表示单数概念，故谓语动词用单数，且询问昨晚的情况，有明确的过去时间，所以应选择“was”。嘉兴英语教学网 收集整理 欢迎使用第 13 页 共 28 页A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorr
45、ow afternoon.A. is B. are C. was D. were【解析】答案为 A。此题中“and”连接的第二个名词“ artist”前没有加冠词，说明指的是同一个人，应为单数。定语从句中的主谓一致He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been【解析】答案为 D。 “the only one of +复数名词+定语从句”中的先行词是“the only one”，定语从句中谓语动词用单数形式
46、，又结合时间状语“for three years“可知应使用现在完成时。quantities of+名词作主语时的主谓一致With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year.A. is washing away B. is being washed awayC. are washing away D. are being washed away【解析】答案为 D。一般讲“quantities of“不论修饰可数名词还是不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。the number of
47、与 a number of 的区别As you can see, the number of cars on our roads_ rising these days.A. was keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping【解析】答案为 C。在“the number of +复数名词” 中主语是“ the number（数量） ”，谓语动词用单数，根据语境，应使用现在时。Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry.A. is working B. works C. work D. worked【解析】答案为 C。a number of +复数名词，谓语动词用复数，根据语境和时间状语Nowadays 可知应使用一般现在时。分数、百分数作主语时的主谓一致The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third_ used regularly. Now we
