1、初中英语语法讲座这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。单数-可用 a、an 来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用 an，而不是 a可数名词名词的根据数 复数不可数名词1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加 s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词加 es，如：watch-watches。(3)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y 为 i 加 es，如：country-countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，则只须加 s 如：monkey-m
2、onkeys。(4)以 o 结尾的名词，只有 potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加 es 构成复数。(5)以 f、fe 结尾的名词，变 f、fe 为 v 再加 es，如：knife-knives。2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep，fishfish, Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot- feet(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别：German(德国人)-Germans(3)child
3、children4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)No news is good news.6.可用 how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any 等来修饰可数名词复数。How m
4、any are there in your pencil-box? (knife)不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记 medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood.2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread over there. (be)3.常用 how much, much, a little, little, a lot of ,some, any 等来修饰不可数名词。4.常用 a piece of, a cup o
5、f 等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread 仍为不可数名词，不加 s，而 piece 则可加 s。即：two pieces of bread请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示，如：三箱苹果 three boxes of apples例： 1、These two pieces of bread are over there.(be)2、Could I have three ,please？A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法，在名
6、词后加“ s”。如：Tom Toms 译为“的”，若遇上以 s 结尾的复数名词，则在 s 后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , two weeks holiday，而不以 s 结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：1.可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加s 如：Lucy and Lilys 露西和莉莉的3.掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩 a friend of mine 我的一个朋友eg
7、; The white shirt is and blue one isA、Kate ,my B .Kates ,mine C .Kate ,mine D .Kates, my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点：1.冠词指不定冠词 a, an 和定冠词 the2.不定冠词 an 常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful machine3.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词 the4.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词 the.如：the su
8、n ,the moon, the earth5.定冠词 the 用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first, the best ,in the south6.在复数姓氏前加 the，表示一家人，常看成复数。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7.在介词短语中常用定冠词 the，如：in the box ,behind the chair8.特别注意不能用定冠词 the 的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：
9、in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加 the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。 如：have breakfast ,play football(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school ,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院Theres 800-metre-long road behind hospital.A. an, a
10、n B .a, a C .an, the D. a, the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1.基数词变序数词。其规律为：1,2,3 特殊记，加 th 从 4 起 (first, second, third, fourth)8 少 t，9 去 e，千万别忘记 (eighth ,ninth)逢 5 逢 12，ve 变 f (fifth ,twelfth)20 到 90，y 要变 ie (twentieth ,ninetieth)若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ni
11、nety-first)2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加 s，构成复数形式。hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的millions of 数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。3.序数词常与定冠词 the 连用。eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.A. hundred B. hundreds C .hundred of D .hundreds ofThe l
12、esson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法(钟点分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five4:15 four fifteen倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如：4:30 half past four4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five练习题1.At the beginning of the_(twenty) centur
13、y, the worlds population was about 1700 million.2.Are these_(watch)yours? Yes.3.You dont look well. Youd better go to the_(doctor) at once.4.Would you give me _, please?A. two papers B .two piece of paper C. two pieces of paper D .two pieces of papers5.There are three _and seven _in the picture.A. m
14、onkeys , sheeps B. monkeys, sheep C. monkies, sheep D. monkies, sheeps6.A lot of_ are talking with two_.A. Germans, Frenchmans B. Germen, Frenchmans C. German, Frenchmen D. Germans, Frenchmen7.June 1 is _.A. the Childrens Day B. the C hildrens Day C .Childrens Day D. Childrens Day思考题1._people went o
15、ut to see what had happened.A. Thousands of B. Three thousand of C. Thousand of D. Three thousands2.We have been in the school for_.A. three and a half month B .three and a half monthsC. three month and a half D .three months and half3._English is_ useful language.A.A, an B./, a C. The, an D. A, /四、
16、代词(一)人称代词 主格 I you he she it we you they宾格 me you him her it us you them物主代词 形容词性 my your his her its our your their名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语，相当于一个形容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语，相当于一个名词。2.注意名词性
17、物主代词在句中所指代的关系,是单数还是复数。如：These books arent ours. Ours are new. (这里 ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里 ours=our room)3.“of+名词性物主代词“表示所属如：a sister of his 他的一个妹妹a friend of mine 我的一个朋友4.人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为：“第二人称，第三人称，第一人称”。如：You, she and I all enjoy the music.5.关于反身代词，同学们须掌握其固定结构：e
18、njoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便吃/喝 些.)learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学)练习题1.-Whose trousers are these? -_, I think.A. They B. Their C. Theirs D. Them2. Nobody taught_ English. He taught_.A. him, himself B. his, himself C .him, by himself
19、 D. his, his（二）修饰可数词 many few 表否定意义 a few 表肯定意义修饰不数名词 much little 表否定意义 a little 表肯定意义few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a.如:There are quite a few new books in the library.用 little, a little, few, a few 填空:1.I often stay at home because I have _ friends here.2.Jim,dont go and get some water. The
20、re is _ water in the glass.3.Though he learned French only _ weeks. He can speak very well.4.Lily had _ bread because she was hungry yesterday.（三）不定代词: something, anything, nothing.当形容词修饰这三个不定代词时，常后置。 如：something newTheres _ in todays newspaper. 中考题A. important anything B. important somethingC. anyt
21、hing important D. something important(四)另外，代词 some, every, all, both, either, another1.some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some 有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I have some apples?2.every单数名词 “每一个” 强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。each “每一个”
22、强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与 of 连用。如：Each student was asked to try again.Each of them has a nice skirt.Every child likes playing games.3.all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词 of如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数
23、均可）4.both “（两者）都” 作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。either “两者中任何一个” , 作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同 either。如：They both swim well. Both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street.= There are trees on either side of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next wee
24、kNeither answer is right.5. another +单数名词, “另一个”one the other “一个，另一个”the other +复数名词= the others “其他的人或物” （指确定范围内剩下的全部）others “别人”(五)疑问代词 5 个“wh”, 即 who, whose, whom, what, which这里，which 是同学们不易掌握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用 which.Im going to take the skirt on the right. (97 中考题)_ _ are you going to
25、take?五、形容词 副词大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级：原级：比较级： 比较.，更.一些最高级： 最.（A）1.构成：(规则情况)情 况 变 化 方 法 例 词单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加 er, est clever-cleverer-cleverest以字母 e 结尾 加 r, st nice-nicer-nicest重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时 双写加 er, est big-bigger-biggest以辅音字母加 y 结尾 变 y 为 i 加 er, est early-earlier-earliest部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加 more, mostslowl
26、y-more slowly-most slowly2.不规则变化，须熟记：good/well-better-best many/much-more-most far-farther-farthestbad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least(B)常见的使用情况1.as as 和.一样（中间用原级）2.not as(so) as 和.不一样（中间用原级）3 than . 比.（用比较级）4.有范围修饰的用最高级 如:in, of, among 或用从句修饰的eg. Winter is the coldest season of the year.Thi
27、s is the best film that I have ever seen .5.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.”eg: wetter and wetter more and more beautiful6. The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越.eg:The more, the better. 越多越好(C)注意点：1.形容词最高级前一定要用 the,副词最高级前可省略。2.可用 much, a little, even, still 等修饰比较级。3.在比较级中为了避免重复，在 than 后常用 one, that, those 等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg: The
28、 weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.(D)掌握三种同义句转换：1.He is taller than any other student in his class.=He is the tallest (student)in his class.2.This film is less interesting than that one.=This film isnt as interesting as that one.=That film is more interesting than this one.3.I prefer math
29、s to English.=I like maths better than English.96 中考题：Which do you like _, fish, meat _ eggs?A .best, or B .better, or C .best, and D. better, and此外，关于形容词、副词的内容同学们还须掌握：1.形容词修饰名词作定语，跟在连系动词之后作表语。2.副词修饰动词、形容词或其它副词enough 属例外词：形/副+enough to do enough+名词 eg; she is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。3.区
30、别几组易混淆的副词:也too 用于肯定、疑问句also 较为正式书面语either 用于否定句已经already 常用于肯定句、疑问句yet 常用于否定句、疑问句不再no (not any) longer 从时间上讲no (not any) more 从动作上讲如此这样such 修饰名词 eg: such a big boxso 修饰形容词、副词 eg: so big单独、独自alone 作表语 =by oneself孤独的lonely 可作表语、定语eg: A group of girls are singing and dancing _ over there. (happy)练习题1.T
31、he students are having a good time in the park. Some are drawing by the lake. _ are climbing the hill.A. Others B. Other C. Another D. The other2.There isnt _ in todays newspaper.A. important something B. important anythingC. anything important D. nothing important3.-Whose watch is this, Mary? Is it
32、 your sisters?-No ,Mum. Its not _. Its _.A. hers, my B. her, my C. Mine, hers D. hers, mine思考题1.The Changjiang River is the third _ river in the world.A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest2. An elephant is _ than a horse.A. more strong B. much stronger C. the most strong D. much more strong3.
33、Which do you like _, tea, orange or water?A. good B .Well C. Better D. Best六、介词1与形容词搭配的词组有：be afraid of （怕） be angry with （生某人的气）be away from （不在某地） be different from （与不同）be good at （善于） be good/ bad for (对有益/有害)be interested in （对感兴趣） be late for （迟到）be/get ready for （为作好准备） be sure of (对有把握)be wo
34、rried about （为感到担忧）2介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing 形式1)You must take good care of her.2)Thank you for teaching us so well.3几组易混淆的介词A “在.之后” in + 一段时间（用于一般将来时）after + 一段时间（用于一般过去时）after + 一点时间（常用于一般将来时）如：The baby stopped crying after half an hour.The baby will stop crying in half an hour.They will visit their te
35、acher after Friday.B for +一段时间since +过去的一点时间这两者均用于现在完成时，具体在时态部分，我会继续向同学们讲解。C be made of “用制成“be made in “由某地制造”be made by somebody “由某人制成”D in, on, at 表时间in “在某月(季节、年)等”eg: in 1996, in January, in summer固定词组：in the morning, in a week, in a minute, in time, in the endon “用于指具体的某一天或专指某一天上午、下午或晚上等“eg:
36、on Christmas Day, on the night of February 16at “用于具体时刻前和某些固定词组中”固定词组：at seven, at the moment, at night, at last, at first, at noon, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time注意：在表时间里，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next, last, this, that, tomorrow,
37、 yesterday, one, every, all 以及 the day before yesterday 和 the day after tomorrow 前不用介词 。 如:不能说 in tomorrow ,只能说 tomorrow 在明天E. except +宾格/doing something “除之外” （不包括本身）Everyone is at school today except Lin Tao. (同义句转换)=Only Lin Tao isnt at school today.F “用” 通过交通工具 by plane用语言 in English通过媒介 on /ove
38、r the telephone, on /over the radio, on TV用工具手段 with a pen, with ones handsG between “在和（两者）之间”between.and.,between the two.among 在.之间(三者或三者以上)eg. Sue spent over two hours _ her homework yesterday evening.A. on B. with C. at D. over七、连词1并列连词bothand 既又谓语用复数动词neithernor 既不也不含否定意义，（就近原则）谓语动词由靠近它的那个主语来决
39、定单复数。eitheror “或者 或者”“不是就是”and“和” 连接两个并列成分,连接谓语时,两个动词时态应一致。but “但是” 表转折，不能与 though 同时出现在句中。or “或者”在否定句中，并列句中的列举常用 or，而不用 and。eg: I have brothers and sisters.(否)I dont have brothers or sisters.= I have no brothers and no sisters.2引导宾语从句的连词陈述句：that 可省略一般疑问句：if /whether “是否”特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词3引导原因状从的有：because
40、 (不能与 so 同时出现在句中)4引导时间状语从句的连词：A. when（当时候），as soon as（一就），notuntil（直到才），after（在之后），引导的主从复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。eg: I wont leave until he comes back.B. since（自从以来）引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。eg：We havent met each other since she left here last year.C. while（当时候，一边一边）它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。eg: My fat
41、her came in while I was doing my homework.5引导条件状语从句的连词：if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于 if“是否”相当于 whether，引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定eg:1)I dont know if it (rain) tomorrow.2)If it _ (rain) tomorrow, I _ (not climb) the hills.3)Joan and Mary havent seen each other _they left school five years ago.A. as B.
42、before C .after D. since八、动词可以分为四类：实义动词（或称行为动词）连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。一、实义动词 （行为动词）1.不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,常须加了介词后方能加宾语如:look at (for, after), get to (on), operate on, hear of, hear from, point to (at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about 等2.及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意义才完整在及物动词+副词 构成动副搭配时,代词放中间这一点同学们常易忘记,故应特别加以记忆。如:tu
43、rn on() turn on the radio() turn the radio on()turn on it() turn it on()常见的动副搭配的词组有：put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, write down, move away, take away 等3.注意行为动词的几种变化形式原形 enjoy第三人称单数 enjoys过去式 enjoyed过去分词 enjoyed现在分词 enjoying象过去式，过去分词，同学们须熟记初中所学的不规则动词变化表。现在分词的变化方法，一般是直接在动词后加 ing，有几个特殊的可加以记忆：
44、lie-lying, die-dying要双写的单词有：一个 m(swim-swimming)一个 g(dig-digging)三个 n(run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning)三个 p(stop-stopping, shop-shopping ,drop-dropping)还有六个 t(sit-sitting, hit-hitting，get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, forget-forgetting)同学们特别应注意 forget, begin 这种双音节单词。另外，eat, wait 这两个词不是重
45、读闭音节，故不能双写加 ing，这也是同学们易犯的错误。4.请区别几组易混淆的同义动词第一组 look-see-watch-readlook 看 look at the birdsee 看见 see a filmwatch 观看、注视 watch TV， watch a football matchread 读 ，阅读 read a book， read newspapers第二组 say-speak-talk-tellsay 说（不及物动词）say to sb. , (后跟引语) say it again (后常跟 it)speak 讲，发言（不及物动词）speak at the meeti
46、ng learn to speak speak Englishtalk 谈话（不及物动词）talk about sth.(谈论某事) talk with sb.(和某人交谈)tell 告诉，讲（及物动词） tell sb. to do sth. / tell sb. not to do sth. tell sb. about sth. (后常跟某人) tell the time “报时”/ tell a story “讲故事”用 say, speak, talk,tell 的适当形式填空：1.Can you Japanese?2.The teacher us not to play in th
47、e street.3.Would you please it in English?4.What are you about?第三组 borrow-lendborrow 借进（短暂动词）borrow sth. (借某物) borrow sth. from sb. (向某人借某物）如 May I borrow your bike? Mine is broken.lend 借出（短暂动词）lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.(把某物借给某人)如:You mustnt lend it to others.keep 借（一段时间），常与一段时间的时间状语连用，为延续性动词。
48、如: How long may I keep it?第四组 bring-takebring 带来（表示从远处拿到说话的地点来），常与 here, me 搭配如：Please bring my hat to me tomorrow.take 带走（表示从说话地点拿到远处去），常与 there, away 搭配如：Take your raincoat with you. Its going to rain.第五组 listen-hearlisten 听 不及物，常与介词 to 连用如:I listened carefully, but heard nothing.Hear 听到 及物 后直接跟宾语hear from sb 收到某人的来信如:Jims mother havent heard from him for a long time.hear of 听说如:Have you heard of the news?第
