1、,Introduction,地下水动力学,Hydrology ： scientific study of water,z,Groundwater hydraulics,Concerned water on earthsurface of earth),（ above and below the,Occurrence, Circulation, Distribution,教材：,Chemical, physical and biological properties,地下水动力学：薛禹群院士主地下水动力学：吴吉春，薛禹群，靳孟贵地下水与 土壤水动力学 ，张蔚榛院士主地下水流动问题数值方法，陈崇希
2、教授地下水运动数学模型，杨金忠、蔡树英、王旭升编著,编,主,编,编,水文学： Hydrology,主编,水资源: water resources水力学 : Hydraulics,Groundwater Hydraulics and pollutant transport, RJCharbeneau, 2000Hydraulics of groundwater, J Bear,水动力学 : Hydrdynamics,Hydrodynamics of fluid in porous media, J Bear,Introduction,Introduction,Surface water hydr
3、ology,z,z Groundwater Hydrology,： scientific study of,Rainfall and runoff, watershed, catchment, riverbasin,water under the earth surfaceOccurrence, Circulation, DistributionChemical and physical propertiesRecharge, discharge,Routing through rivers, reservoirOccurrence of floods and droughts,Introdu
4、ction,Introduction,Groundwater Hydrology,Groundwater Hydrologyz,z,地下水系统的理想总体循环过,程,地下水循环的时间观念,1,Introduction,Introduction,Groundwater flow beneath surface of earththrough:,z,总蒸,大气 | 灌溉,散发,降水,|,Porous media: small openings (pore space, void)in the solid matrix, permeable, conducting andtransporting wa
5、ter and solutions,蒸发,地表流壤中流,地表调蓄,河川径流,蒸散发,非饱和带调蓄,入渗补地下,潜水蒸发,河川基流,地下水调蓄,河补地下水,蒸发,“四水 ”转化的概念性模型,Introduction,Introduction,z Groundwater flow,z Groundwater flow beneath surface ofearth through:,beneath surface ofearth through:,Large passage (karstdissolution cavities,media): with large,Fracture: fractu
6、reaperture, smallopening,longer extendedDirection,connection,1.1 Porous media,1.1 Porous media,Particle size distribution,z Natural soil: weathering, alluviation, sedimentation,z Particle-size distribution curve:,颗粒分析累计曲线, grain,z Unconsolidated sediment, natural soil toconsolidated rock,size accumu
7、lation curve,z Represent the relative percentage of grain size,Sedimentary rock,z,vertical coordinate: percentage of certain particlesize; horizontal coordinate: particle size in logarithm,z Properties ：pore space, conductance, permeability,Sieving: for coarse grain, Sieve Shaker,zz,z Functioning: w
8、ater flow in the mediastability,， mechanical,Settlement rate: for fine-gained materials, inaqueous suspension,Solid matrix, void space (pore space, water-air),z,2,1.1 Porous media,1.1 Porous media,Particle size distribution,Soil texture- 土壤质地,z Unconsolidated sediment,Particle size and shape vary gr
9、eatly,zz,related to physical and chemical properties of thesoil,z Soil classification standard:,zz,Qualitatively: coarse, fine, smooth,Quantitatively: particle size, particle distribution,1.1 Porous media,1.1 Porous media,Soil texture- 土壤质地,Soil texture,z soil texture triangle,zz,USDA standard,soil
10、texture定义： 按土壤中不同粒径颗粒相对含量的组成而区分的粗细度,FAO soil map of survey,z Indicated by,USDA,FAO,zz,Particle size, diameter,Distribution: percentage of the different sizeparticles,z,Particle Shape: smooth, pointedness,1.1 Porous media,1.1 Porous media,Soil texture,Cemented sediment and rock,z Soil texture related
11、 to the soil physical and chemical,properties,z Sandstone （砂岩） : can permeable, groundwater,z Fine-grained soil: large surface area, attractive force, greatcapacity of sorption; boundary affect, low permeabilityz Well-sorted, coarse-grained soil: smaller sorption capacity,large permeability,resource
12、s supplier,z Shale （页岩） : indurated clay, aquitard, vertical flow in,a large confined area,Carbonate rock （碳酸盐） (limestone and dolomite):original low permeable, dissolved in flowing water, karstcave, permeable rock, and a productive formation forwater supply,z,3,1.1 Porous media,1.2 distribution of
13、subsurface water,The pore space or void may be occupied by water, air,Igneous （火山岩） ,metamorphic （变质岩） rock,z,or non-aqueous phase liquid,z Granite, Moorstone, basalt, diorite,Vertical distribution of water content,z less primary void, not connected, not conducting water;,z fractures-fractured by ea
14、rth stress-can be highpermeable and less storage of water,s,Soil water,n,oi,g,z Directional permeability, anisotropic, larger flux in somedirection,e,n,r,oi,e,t,ht,Intermediatevadose zone,a,v,f,el,o,e,n,oi,t,a,icif,ss,capillary watergroundwater,al,C,Water content,1.2 distribution of subsurface water
15、,1.2 distribution of subsurface water,Vadose zone,zz,unsaturated zone, partially saturated zoneThickness: ground surface to water table,z,By the gravity force, the water in the soil may move downward, andby the ET the water in the soil may move upward. Some soilbecome unsaturated, some soil is satur
16、ated.,z,Soil moisture zone,Depth ：soil surface-base of root,zone,active, rainfall, irrigation,Evaporation, Transpiration,Soil water,n,drainage, percolation,oi,Soil water,t,av,How does the Water contentchange,Intermediatevadose zone,no,el,i,Vadosezone,e,t,a,Intermediatevadose zone,v,el,Field capacity
17、: capillary force-gravity force,Vadosezone,e,capillary watergroundwater,Wilting point: adhesive force,Water content,Water content: from saturationto air-dry condition,capillary watergroundwater,Water content,1.2 distribution of subsurface water,1.2 distribution of subsurface water,Vadose zone,Vadose
18、 zone,z Intermediate Vadose zone:,z Capillary zone: capillary gringe,Soil water,Soil water,z,From base of soil water zone to,zz,Intermediate-groundwater tableAbrupt for coarse grained soil,Gradually for fine-grained soil,the upper boundary of capillaryzone,noti,n,Intermediatevadose zone,oi,aev,Inter
19、mediatevadose zone,ta,v,l,Water hold by capillary force,e,e,zzz,The thickness of capillary zonedepends on the soil type-capillary rise,zz,Water content near field capacity,Water content doesntoo much,t change,capillary watergroundwater,capillary watergroundwater,Water content: from field capacityto
20、saturation,Pass through zone: drainage,recharge, groundwaterevaporation,Water content,z,Water content,4,1.2 distribution of subsurface water,1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,Vadose zone,z Water table: groundwater table,z Aquifer: Holding and transmitwater,Soil water,phreatic surface,Atmo
21、spheric force,zPorosity: the volume of voidsper bulk volume,noit,Intermediate,ave,Monitored water elevation at wells,l,vadose zone,e,Pressure head in vadose,zone is,void volume,= V,negative, positive in saturatedzone,n =,vt,bulk volume,V,capillary watergroundwater,Groundwater, saturated zoneZone bel
22、ow the water tablePositive pressure,z,Water content,1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,z Porosity （容重，比重）,岩石名称粘土,孔隙度45 5540 5035 4030 4030 3530 4020 3510 201 10,Vv,V - V,t,s,=1- V,s,M sV,s,= 1- M,s,Vs,b,n =,=,= 1-,= 1-,Vt,Vt,Vt,Vt M s,V M,s,粉土,t
23、,s,中、粗粒混合砂均匀砂,b,: bulk density, 1.2-1.6 g/cm 3,细、中粒混合砂砾石,s,: particle density, 2.6-2.75 g/cm 3,砾石与砂砂岩,z The porosity can be determined bymeasuring the soil bulk density,页岩,Vadose zone,1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,Define porosity by averagi
24、ng over a volume,点！,zPorosity,流体质点,Porosity,z,z,Mathematic indication of a pointPorosity at a spatial pointSpatial average on a REV,zz,“典型单元体 ”（REV ）(Representative ElementaryVolume),Heterogeneous,homogeneous,“典型单元体积”(V ),0,Vmin V V,0,max,5,1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,1.3 porosity a
25、nd related properties of soils,z Porosity,The volume of REV,z,From small scale to large scale,For soil: The radium on the order of 10-20 grain diameters,This definition is not useful for fracture or karstREV: relative to the volume the study domain,media,Spatial averagez,z,z Stochastic average,Defin
26、ed the porosity by a stochastic method,We can not know the detail spatial distribution of soil variable,zz,The property of medium is represented by randomly distributed,function,z,The value of the property is derived as a stochastic average overthe ensemble,(x) The random distribution of n,n(x) = E
27、( x) = ( x),1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,1.3 porosity and related properties of soils,z Water content : the fraction of void filled by water in,z Primary porosity: original pore upon deposition,the bulk volume,z Secondary porosity: diagenetic,process 成岩作用 ,Vw,dissolution process 溶解作用
28、 , diastrophism 地壳变形作用,=, 0 , n,z,Limestone cave,Vt,z Fracture,z water saturation S : fraction of water filled in void,w,z Basalt Fissure,zEffective porosity, kinematic,porosity,Sw = , 0 S 1,w,n,z Dead end pore,phase saturation S i: fraction of phase i filled in void,z,i,S =, Si =1i,i,nt,1.4 subsurf
29、ace hydrological cycle,1.4 subsurface hydrological cycle,Hydrological cycle,z Hydrological cycle,z,Precipitation, rainfallSurface water cycle,interceptionrunoff,ponding infiltration,runoff,Vadose zone,Groundwater cycle,6,1.4 subsurface hydrological cycle,1.4 subsurface hydrological cycle,z Hydrologi
30、cal cycle,z Hydrological cycle,Precipitation, rainfall,Precipitation, rainfall,RedistributionGravity, capillarity, temperature,infiltration,Pumping well,Vadose zone,runoff,Vadose zone,Base flowdischarge,Base flowdischarge,rechargeGroundwater flow,Groundwater flow,1.4 subsurface hydrological cycle,1.
31、5 Hydrogeologic,formations,z Hydrological cycle,RadiationWind speedhumidity,zz,Hydrogeologic formations,Lithology 岩石学： mineral, grain size, packing, crystal,z Stratigraph 地层学 : age, geometrical (lense, bed, formation),evapotrspirationtranspiration,Structural 构造学 , deformation, fracture 断裂 , fold 褶皱,
32、 fault断层 , Fissure, 裂隙,z,Precipitation, rainfall,z For the unconsolidated deposit, lithology,and stratigraph,evaporation,are the most important controls,Vadose zone,Groundwater flow,1.5 Hydrogeologic,formations,1.5 Hydrogeologic,formations,z Confined aquifer （承压含水层 ；被封含水层 ） :z Bounded above and belo
33、w by aquicludez Water under pressure,z Aquifer （含水层） : formation, holding and conducing water,storage and conductance, bounded by the confined bed,or aquifuge,z Aquiclude （隔水层） ,saturated, impermeable, impede,aquifer and the water flow,Artisan aquifer(,)自流含水层,z,Aquifuge （不含水层） , relatively impermeab
34、le, not contain,z,Water level in the well rise above the ground surface,z,water, non-fractured granite(z aquitard （弱含水层、弱透水层） : low permeable, transmitwater in adjacent aquifer, leakage ；sandy clay, store water,花岗岩 ), basalt （玄武岩）,7,1.5 Hydrogeologic,formations,1.5 Hydrogeologic,formations,z unconfi
35、ned aquifer （潜水含水层 ；非承压含水层 ）， phreatic,z perched aquifer （ 上层滞水含水层 ） :,aquifer:,Limited areal extent,Bounded below by aquicludeFree surface,or aquifuge,formed on a semipervious,or impervious layeror aquifuge,Bounded below by aquiclude,Preferred for recharge and water supply,exist only for a limited
36、period of time,z Semi-confined aquifer, leaky aquifer(,漏含水层，半承压含水层,),One of the confined bed in an aquitard,1.5 Hydrogeologic formations,1.5 Hydrogeologic,formations,z Surface water supply:,z Groundwater supply,Economically feasible,Public, domestic, commercial, irrigation,industrial, mining,z Groundwater supply:Northern part of chinaMost large city,z Water quantity and water quality,Agricultural use,Modeling and prediction,z,z Movement and transport,Water, solute, gas, oil,8,
