1、Chapter 3 Lexicon Time periods: two classesTeaching contents:3.1 definition of a word3.2 The formation of wordsTeaching aims and requirementsLearn by heart:1. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix. 2. Two way
2、s of word-formation such as inflections and derivations. Know: 1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on. 2. Two different fields of morphology, including inflectional morphology and derivational morphology. Understand: 1.
3、 Definition of a word2. The classifications of word according to different aspects3. The formation of wordsTeaching focus and difficulties:Focus：1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on. 2. The classifications of morpheme
4、s, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix. 3. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Difficulty: 1. Classification of morphemes2. Inflection and derivations. 1. Review what we have learned in last chapter, and ask some
5、students to answer the following questions: (5m)1) How are English consonants classified?2) How are English Vowels classified?3) What are phonemes and allophones? 2. Study 3.1 Definition of a wordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Zh
6、ang Weiyou (1999)a minimum free form Stability -internal structure (cant rearrange)relative uninterruptibility -internal structure (cant insert)Classification of words(1) Basic word stock 男孩似的 boy, -ish (two morphemes)3) 3.2.2 Types of morphemes (1)Those that may constitute words by themselves, 自由形式
7、的詞素本身就是一個詞，可以單獨使用 e.g.: boy, girl, table, nation.Free morphemes PK Bound morphemesThose that cannot occur alone, Bound morpheme includes two types: roots and affixes.e.g.: -s in dogs, -ed in worked, dis- in dislike, un- in unable.A certain affix here refers to an inflectional affix: grammatical endi
8、ngsTypes of morphemes (2)Root: the part left when all the affixes are removed 词根Stem: the part left when a certain affix is removed 词干Affix: the part which is attached to other words; usually bound morphemes 词缀E.g.: friend as in unfriendliness. Roots may be: Free: those that can stand by themselves,
9、 E.g.: black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves, E.g.: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: normally divided into: Prefix (dis-, un-) prefixes occur at the beginning of a word.suffix (-en, -ify) at the endinfix (foot-feet) in the middlePrefix 前綴mis- 誤 mistake 誤
10、解 over- 過分 overdo 做得過分 Prefixed modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Exceptions are the prefixes be-, and en(m)-.Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many case
11、s change its part of speech. Accordingly, there are noun-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, adverb-forming suffixes, and verb-forming suffixes.-er teacher, writer-ician “.(專)家,.工作者” electrician 電工-bility “能力” possibility 可能性 -hood “時期” childhood 幼年時期,童年時期 -age “(人生的)某一時期” orphanage 孤兒-ary
12、 (adj) elementary 基本的 , secondary 第二位的 -ful (adj) beautiful 美麗的, delightful 愉悅的, sorrowful 悲傷的-en (V 使) weaken 使變弱 , darken, deepen-ize (v 化) modernize 使現代化-ly (adj+ -ly=adv n + -ly= adj) slowly 慢慢地, friendly 友善的-ward (往方向 ) forward(adv)往前, eastward 往東Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to
13、which an inflectional affix may be added, e.g.: friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es.A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.e.g.:*toler- (root) + affix ate: tolerate 忍受 *quick (free morpheme) + affix ly: quickly *careless (a derived form) + affix less Inflectional af
14、fix: Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case etc.e.g.: -ed, -s, -erHe had regular features. 他五官端正。You will be for the high jump when whey find out youve crashed the firms car. higher education 高等教育Types of morphemes (3)D
15、erivational affix: Bound morpheme which change the category or grammatical class of words.Added to other morphemes to create new wordse.g.:inter+language interlanguagein+visible invisiblesoft+en softenspeak+er speaker4) 3.2.3 Word-formation(1) InflectionNominal forms: boys, boysVerb forms: wants, wa
16、nted, wantingAdjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest“Inflection”: is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect, and case, which does not change the grammatical class of the items to which they are attache
17、d. (2) Word formation a. CompoundTwo or more free roots combine to make a new word.Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmillVerb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, baby-sitAdjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, duty-freeEndocentric e.g.self-control: a kind of controlarmchair: a kin
18、d of chairExocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, e.g.scarecrow: not a kind of crowbreakneck: not a kind of neckb. DerivationClass-changing:NV: lengthen, hospitalize, discardNA: friendly, delightful, speechlessVN: worker, employee, inhabitantVA: acceptable, adorableAN: rapidness, rapidityAV: deafen, sweetenAdjAdv: exactly, quicklyClass-preserving:NN: nonsmoker, ex-wife, bookletVV: disobey, unfastenAA: grayish, irrelevant
