1、 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 CONFIDENTIAL. This document contains trade secret information. Disclosure, use or reproduction outside Cargill or inside Cargill, to or by those employees who do not have a need to know is prohibited except
2、as authorized by Cargill in writing. 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. 改善蛋壳质量 Improving eggshell quality dr. Henk Enting 家禽技术总监 Poultry Technology Director 嘉吉动物营养 Cargill Animal Nutrition 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 改善蛋壳质
3、量 Improving eggshell quality 主要内容 MAIN TOPICS 改善蛋壳强度 Improvement of eggshell strength 蛋壳的代谢及形成 Eggshell metabolism, eggshell formation 改善蛋壳强度的战略 Strategies to improve eggshell strength 改善蛋壳颜色 Improvement of eggshell color 影响蛋壳颜色的因素 Factors affecting eggshell color 试验数据概览：如何改善蛋壳颜色？ Overview of trial
4、data: how to improve eggshell color 2 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 改善蛋壳强度 Improving eggshell strength 背景信息 BACKGROUND 较 老的蛋鸡肝功能下降 维生素 D3向 1,25(OH)2D3（调节钙的代谢的活性物质）的转化减弱 In older hens, liver function declines less good conversion of vitami
5、n D3 into 1,25(OH)2D3 (the active substance that regulates Ca metabolism) 蛋重会随着日龄的增长提高，但蛋壳却不会 相对蛋壳重量下降 Egg weight increases with age while the amount of eggshell does not increase with age relative lower eggshell weight 小肠上皮绒毛细胞退化 降低营养物质的吸收效率 Deterioration of the cells in the villi of the intestinal
6、 epithelium less efficient nutrient absorption 蛋壳细胞膜中胶原蛋白的弹性下降 Reduced elasticity of the collagen in the eggshell membranes 较老的蛋鸡乳头状基质的密度降低（钙的基质） 破蛋碎蛋的数量提高 每只蛋鸡的养殖 收益 降低 Lower density of mammilary cores (Ca matrix) in older birds Increased number of broken and cracked eggs less earnings per bird 3 2
7、013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 背景信息 Background 生产循环中的变化趋势 CHANGES ON THE EGG PRODUCTIVE CYCLE 4 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 改善蛋壳强度 Improving eggshell strength 常见问题 PROBLEMS 钙和其
8、他营养物质供应不足 Insufficient supply of calcium and other nutrients 钙的数量以及钙源 Amount of Ca, Ca source 骨骼内储备钙的利用 Use of Ca reserves in bones 肠道对营养物质的吸收不足 传染病（鸡传染性支气管炎、肠道感染）Sub-optimal absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract - infections (infectious bronchitis, intestinal infections) 营养物质的转化出现问题 Pro
9、blems in the conversion of nutrients 营养物质的排出量过大 Too high excretion of nutrients 5 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳的形成 - 钙源 Eggshell formation - Ca source 6 oviduct bone gizzard 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China -
10、eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳的形成 - 钙源 Eggshell formation - Ca source 7 POA-D, 2004 蛋壳重量 Eggshell weight, mg/cm2 钙源 Ca source Week 21 Week 41 细石灰石 Fine limestone 80,7 74,1 粗石灰石 Coarse limestone 82,4 78,5 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 8
11、 鸡蛋的形成 Egg formation X X night ovoposition ovoposition time 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 (1) (2) (3) (1) 形成蛋白 formation egg white (2) 形成卵膜 formation egg membranes (3) 形成蛋壳 formation eggshell 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳的形成 - 补钙的时
12、间 Eggshell formation - timing Ca 9 POA-D, 2004 饲喂程序 Feeding program 蛋壳重量 Eggshell weight, mg/cm2 周龄 Age, weeks 21 41 60 70 对照组 Control 79,0 74,0 75,0 73,4 上午 -下午饲喂 Morning-afternoon feeds 79,8 76,6 76,1 76,1 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016
13、10 蛋壳的形成 下午补钙 Eggshell formation - extra Ca afternoon 76788082848688w e e k 3 0 w e e k 4 0 w e e k 5 0 w e e k 6 0 w e e k 7 2eggshellweight,mg/cm2control control + Ca afternoon POA-D, 2004 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳的形成 钙的供应 Eggshe
14、ll formation - Ca supply 根据需求调整日粮中钙的供应及补钙时间：使用粗颗粒，下午补钙 Adjust Ca supply in the feed to the demand during the day: coarse particle size and extra Ca during the afternoon 在热应激期间安排一次“夜宵”（夜晚光照 11.5小时），增加钙的摄入 Introduce a midnight snack (1-1.5 hours of light during the night period) during heat stress per
15、iods in order to increase Ca intake 出现问题时，要补充更多的钙、维生素 D3及磷 Supply extra Ca, vitamin D3 and P when problems occur 11 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳 的形成 营养物质的转化与吸收 Eggshell formation - nutrient conversions and absorption 肝功能：维生素 D3 25(OH)
16、D3 1,25(OH)2D3 Liver function: vitamin D3 25(OH)D3 1,25(OH)2D3 肝功能 / 养分吸收：挥发性脂肪酸（丁酸盐） Liver function / nutrient absorption: volatile fatty acids (butyrate) 肠道细胞会随着年龄的增长受损：对挥发性脂肪酸的需求量增大 Intestinal cell damage increases with age: larger demand for volatile fatty acids 二氧化碳的转化 Conversion of CO2 HCO3 CO
17、3 呼吸频率加快（热应激）：更多二氧化碳损失，可用于形成 CO3（蛋壳的主要成分）的量更少 Increased breathing frequency (heat stress): increased CO2 losses, less available for the formation of CO3 (main component eggshell) 钙、磷排出对血液电解质平衡的影响 Effect of electrolyte balance in the bloon on Ca and P excretion 12 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All righ
18、ts reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳的形成 - CO3 的形成 Eggshell formation - CO3 formation 13 Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ H2O + CO2 H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ HCO3- H+ CaCO3 oviduct eggshell POA-D, 2001 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳的形成 维生素
19、D3 Eggshell formation - vitamin D3 14 POA-D, 2001 蛋壳厚度 Eggshell thickness, mm 蛋壳重量 Eggshell weight, mg/cm2 对照组 Control 0,296 75,6 + 1500 IU/kg D3 0,311 76,5 + 1500 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 0,310 77,0 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳质量 Egg Shell Qua
20、lity 15 1 每组 7个重复， 12只 36周龄海兰，鸡舍海拔高度 2,250米， 50-66周 Each group contained 7 replicates of 12 Hy-line W36 hens each, hens housed on 2,250 meters altitude. Laying hens 50-66 weeks of age a,b 肩标不同表示差异显著 figures within each row with no common superscript differ significantly (p0.05) Source: Research Farm
21、; Martinez et al., 2003 Universidad Nacional Autonoma in Mexico Control 1 Provimax 产蛋率 Production,% 79.8a 82.2b 蛋重 Egg weight, g 65.5 65.2 产蛋量 Egg mass, g/d 52.3a 53.6b 饲料采食量 Feed intake, g/d 98.0 98.5 饲料转化率 Feed conversion 1.88a 1.85b 裂蛋率 Hairline cracks,% 46.0a 19.5b PROVIMAX - VFA 2013 Cargill, I
22、ncorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 关于 Proviox为什么会对蛋壳质量有作用的假说 Assumptions why Proviox has an effect on egg shell quality 有强化骨骼形成或建模的作用 Enhancement of bone formation or modeling 在肠道中有抗菌功效 Anti-bacterial effect in the gut 能够改善肠道形态 促进养分消化 Improvement of gut morp
23、hology better nutrient absorption 18 蛋壳质量 Egg Shell Quality PROVIOX 抗氧化剂 ANTIOXIDANTS 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 19 蛋壳质量 Egg Shell Quality PROVIOX 抗氧化剂 ANTIOXIDANTS 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell
24、quality - August 2016 30周至 68周 From 30 wks (trial LT1302) to 68 wks (trial LT1401) 20 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.4 1.5 0.8 2.3 0.4 1.3 0.9 00.511.522.5Vit.E ProvioxBreederVit.E ProvioxBreederVit.E ProvioxBreederVit.E ProvioxBreederVit.E ProvioxBreederLT1202 LT1302 LT1304 LT1401 LT130280 ppm Vit.E eq 160 ppm Vit.
25、E eq% 破蛋率 Broken eggs % 蛋壳质量 Egg Shell Quality PROVIOX 抗氧化剂 ANTIOXIDANTS 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳的形成 - CO3 的形成 Eggshell formation - CO3 formation 21 Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ H2O + CO2 H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H+ HCO3- H+ CaCO3 oviduct eggshell POA-D
26、, 2001 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳形成 电解质平衡 Eggshell formation - electrolyte balance 22 POA-D, 2001 钠 Na feed, g/kg 1,4 1,4 氯 Cl feed, g/kg 2,5 1,25 钙的排出 Ca excretion, g/day 0,38 * 0,33 磷的排出 P excretion, g/day 1,80 * 1,42 2013 Cargill
27、, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 改善蛋壳质量 Improving Egg Shell Quality 关于养分转化问题的建议 RECOMMENDATIONS NUTRIENT CONVERSION PROBLEMS 在产蛋期后半段额外补充维生素 D3或 25(OH)D3，可减少钙代谢效率降低导致的负面效应。脂肪肝也会影响维生素 D3向 25(OH)D3转化 Use extra vitamin D3 or 25(OH)D3 in the second half of t
28、he laying period in order to reduce effects of a less efficient calcium metabolism; the occurrence of fatty livers may reduce the transformation of vitamin D3 to 25(OH)D3 补充 Provimax可改善肝功能，促进养分吸收（强化钙的吸收） Use Provimax in order to improve liver function and nutrient absorption (enhanced Ca absorption)
29、 补充 Proviox可改善蛋壳强度 Add Proviox due to its positive effects on eggshell strength 在热应激时额外补充 NaHCO3，用于强化 CO3的生成 Use extra NaHCO3 in periods of heat stress to enhance CO3 formation for the eggshell 降低氯含量，减少钙和磷的排出 Reduce Cl levels in order to reduce the excretion of Ca and P 23 2013 Cargill, Incorporated
30、. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 改善蛋壳质量 Improving eggshell quality 主要内容 MAIN TOPICS 改善蛋壳强度 Improvement of eggshell strength 蛋壳的代谢及形成 Eggshell metabolism, eggshell formation 改善蛋壳强度的战略 Strategies to improve eggshell strength 改善蛋壳颜色 Improvement of eggshell color 影响蛋壳颜色的
31、因素 Factors affecting eggshell color 试验数据概览：如何改善蛋壳颜色？ Overview of trial data: how to improve eggshell color 24 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 基因 （主要因素） Genetics (main factor, h2 = 0.5) 品种：伊莎褐、罗曼褐、罗德岛红鸡等等 Strains: e.g. ISA Brown, Lohmann Bro
32、wn, Rhode Island Red, etc. 生理 因素 /日龄 Physiology/Age 较 年轻的蛋鸡蛋壳颜色较深，较老的蛋鸡蛋壳颜色较浅 Young hens produce darker shells vs. older hens produce eggs with lighter shells 疾病 Disease 新城疫、球虫病、寄生虫 New Castle Disease, Coccidiosis, Parasites 毒素 Toxins 霉菌毒素，尼卡巴嗪（ 5 ppm/天， 24小时内出现白蛋）、磺胺类 Mycotoxins, nicarbazin (at 5 p
33、pm/day: pale eggs within 24 hr), sulfonamides 应激 Stress 环境影响：高温、氨气、粉尘、噪音 Environment: heat, ammonia, dust, noise 养分因素 Nutrition 营养物质：高胆碱 （菜籽粕中提取的芥子酸胆碱） Nutrients: high dietary choline levels, sinapine from rapeseed meal 简介：影响蛋壳颜色的因素 Introduction: factors affecting egg shell color 25 2013 Cargill, In
34、corporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 强化褐壳蛋蛋壳的颜色 Intensifies color of brown egg shells 改善褐壳蛋蛋壳颜色的均匀度 Improves homogenity of the brown egg shell color 自 2003年起就在 CAN得到充分验证的营养技术 Proven nutrient technology within CAN since 2003 批准用于有机饲料中 Approved for use in organic
35、 feeds BrownEgg 改善褐壳蛋的蛋壳颜色 BrownEgg improves brown egg shell color 26 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 在伊莎 褐蛋鸡 30周 （日 粮中补充 BrownEgg40天 ） 时 进行测量 BrownEgg was tested in 30 wk old ISA brown laying hens where it was added to the diet for a perio
36、d of 40 days 通过嘉吉比色扇测量蛋壳颜色 Egg shell color was measured using Cargill egg shell color fan BrownEgg 改善蛋壳颜色（韩国） BrownEgg improved eggshell color in Korea 1. 在没有数字标记的一面找到与蛋壳颜色一致的扇片 Match the eggshell color to one piece of the fan with the side without number mark. 2. 在比色扇的另一面读取并记录该扇片的编号 Read and record
37、 the number from the other side of fan with the numbers. 27 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 BrownEgg 改善蛋壳颜色（韩国） BrownEgg improved eggshell color in Korea Source: Cargill Korea, 2004 a b 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 Control BrownEgg Egg Shell Col
38、or Score (Cargill Egg Shell Color Fan)a,b. Means within a column not sharing a common superscript differ significantly (P0.05), n= 56 28 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 可以观察到褐壳蛋蛋壳颜色有明显改善（法国）Visually there clearly is an improvement in the br
39、own egg shell color in France Start After 3 weeks After 6 weeks Source: Customer Trial, France , 2012 30 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 蛋壳颜色的差异显著减低 （嘉吉比色扇）Variation in egg shell color significantly reduced using Cargill egg shell color fan
40、 补充 BrownEgg 6周后，蛋壳颜色的差异降低 Supplementation of Egg shell color reduced variation of egg shell color after 6 weeks 停止补充 BrownEgg 2周后，蛋壳颜色的差异显著提高 Variation in egg shell color significantly increased after ending the supplementation of BrownEgg Source: Customer Trial, France , 2012 31 ab ab d c b Standa
41、rd deviation0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 n = 90 p0.0001 Start After 2 wks After 6 wks 2 wks after end of trial 16 wks after end of trial 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 结论 Conclusion BrownEgg: 提高褐壳蛋蛋壳颜色的强度 Increases shell color intensity of brown eg
42、gs 改善褐壳蛋蛋壳颜色的均匀度 Improves homogeneity of brown egg shell 减少客户 /消费者对蛋壳颜色的投诉 Reduces customer/consumer complaints about egg shell color 34 2013 Cargill, Incorporated. All rights reserved. CPN China - eggshell quality - August 2016 改善蛋壳质量 Improving eggshell quality 主要内容 MAIN TOPICS 改善蛋壳强度 Improvement of eggshell strength 蛋壳的代谢及形成 Eggshell metabolism, eggshell formation 改善蛋壳强度的战略 Strategies to improve eggshell strength 改善蛋壳颜色 Improvement of eggshell color 影响蛋壳颜色的因素 Factors affecting eggshell color 试验数据概览：如何改善蛋壳颜色？ Overview of trial data: how to improve eggshell color 35
