1、英汉差异与语言翻译,英汉思维差异与语言翻译,1. 调整句子长度 英语:参天大树,枝繁叶茂 汉语:大江流水,后浪推前浪,西方民族的分析型思维方式使得西方人注重分析方法,惯于用“由一到多”的思维方式;句子结构以主语和谓语为核心,统摄各种短语和从句,由主到次,递相迭加,结构复杂,但形散而意合,形成了“树杈形”的句式结构。而东方民族的综合型思维方式,使得中国人注重整体和谐,强调“从多归一”的思维方式;句子结构上以动词为中心,以时间顺序为逻辑语序,横向铺叙,层层推进,归纳总结,形成“流水形”的句式结构。,翻译实例,1 Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was burie
2、d under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of the Declaration on Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.,译文1: 1826年杰斐逊逝世。按照他生前遗愿,在他墓地的石碑上刻着:独立宣言和弗吉尼亚信教自由法令的作者、弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。,2事实上, 现代诗中的对立, 并不是亚洲与
3、欧洲之间的对立。这种对立, 是创新与保守的对立。这两种对立有关系, 可是绝不相同。,译文2: In fact, the antithesis in modern poetry has not been between Asia and Europe, but between innovation and conservation - a related but by no means identical polarity.,2. 调整句子结构,英语:随举随释 句子依靠关联词语和各种短语,一个中心词可以有多个短语或从句修饰说明。 汉语:双提分述 组词成句主要依靠词序和虚词,中心语的负载量有限制。
4、汉语体现层次分明、条理清晰的逻辑语义结构。,Another issue that might be resolved during Mr.Deng s visit to Washington involved a U.S. claim of 196 million dollars for assets seized by the communists after they took power in 1949 and a Chinese counter claim for 80 million dollars frozen in the United States since the Kore
5、an War.,译文: 邓先生此次访问美国期间可能解决的另一个问题涉及到美国提出索赔和中国提出反索赔的问题:美国要求中国赔偿共产党在一九四九年夺取政权后所没收的价值一亿九千六百万美元的财产;中国反过来也要求美国偿还朝鲜战争以后冻结在美国的八千万美元的存款。,3.调整句子重心,英语:前重心 汉语:后重心 语义重心都落在结果、结论或事实上,但英汉语句子在语义重心位置上存在不同。,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a w
6、ife.译文1:有一条举世公认的真理,那就是,凡有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太。译文2:凡有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这是一条举世公认的真理。,But,my good master Bates dying in two years after,and I having few friends,my business began to fail;for my conscience would not suffer me to imitate the bad practice of too many among my brethren.(Gullivers Travels),译文: 但是,两年以后贝茨
7、恩师不幸去世,我没有什么朋友,又不肯违背良心学我们许多同行那样胡来,所以生意渐渐萧条。,文化语境对翻译的影响,翻译过程是理解和表达的有机统一。正确的理解是准确的传译原文的前提,但是由于原语文化和译语文化的背景差异又会导致译文是否能完全再现原语的表意,译语中是否有和原语完全对应的表达方式,两种语言所体现的文化形象有什么差异,如何转换等等。这都是我们要在翻译的过程中要考虑到的。,结合语言背景的翻译 On the subject of extra-terrestrial life-something about which the cosmologist is frequently asked -
8、he said he did not believe aliens had visited Earth. If they had, he added, it would have been “more like Independence Day than ET.”,关于外星生命-人们常常向这位宇宙论专家提到这类问题-他表示不相信有外星人造访过地球。他补充说,即使有过,其情形应该“更接近独立日而非外星人所描述的那样。” 注:独立日和外星人,这是两部美国科幻电影,独立日中的外星人极其凶悍,大肆杀戮地球人,而外星人一片中的外星人则善良,脆弱,与地球上的小朋友结为伙伴。,2.文化词语的翻译 Its a
9、n age-old dispute: men are from Mars; women are from Venus. Males and females show different behaviors almost from birth. Researchers say these behaviors are due to basic differences in brain structure and activity. Studies show men are better at hitting targets and solving math problems while women
10、 are better at memorizing words and recognizing faces. Why the difference?,译文1:男人来自火星,女人来自金星。这是一个长期以来的争论。男人和女人几乎从出生时就表现出不同的行为,研究者说这些行为是因为大脑基本结构和活动的不同造成的。研究也表明男性有更高的解决数学问题和实现目标的能力,而女性则有记忆词汇和辨认面孔的天赋。为什么会有不同呢?,译文2:这是一个自古就存在的争论:男人来自战神,女人来自爱神。男人和女人几乎在出生起就有不同的行为。研究人员表明,这些行为是由大脑结构和大脑活动的基本差异所引起的。研究显示男人擅长射中镖靶和解决数学难题,而女人则比较擅长记忆文字和辨识面孔。为什么会有这种差异呢?,3.文化形象的翻译 It was lying lopped and dead in the field. As if this was the last straw, Sam burst into tears.,译文1:它被砍倒在地,死去了。这似乎是最后一根稻草,山姆禁不住放声大哭。译文2:它遭砍伐,倒卧在地,叶已枯死。这是压断骆驼脊梁的最后一根麦秆,山姆忍无可忍,禁不住失声痛哭。,Thank you!,