1、英语动词的 5 种基本形式英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、第三人称单数(现在式) 、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。动词原形 第三人称单数(现在式) 过去式 过去分词 现在分词do does did done doingisamwasbeare werebeen beinghave has had had havingwill would1. 第三人称单数的构成方法与名词的单数变复数规则大致一样,即:(1) 一般情况下由动词后加-s 构成:work / works,read / reads 等。(2) 以 s, x, z, sh, ch 以及字母 o 结构的动词,后加-es:guess / g
2、uesses, mix / mixes, go / goes, buzz / buzzes, finish / finishes, catch / catches 等。(3) 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词,应将 y 改为 i 再加-es:fly / flies, study / studies 等。【注】 有个别的变化不规则,如 have / has, be / is 等。 词尾-s 和-es 读音规则是:在 s, x, z, sh, ch 后的 es 读作iz ,其余的读作z 。2. 过去式和过去分词的构成方法分规则变化和不规则变化两种。不规则变化需逐个记忆,规则变化遵循以下原则:(1) 一
3、般情况下,在动词后加 ed 构成:work / worked, stay / stayed, shout / shouted 等。(2) 在以-e 结尾动词后只加 d:close / closed, like / liked, live / lived, smile / smiled 等。(3) 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词,应将 y 改为 i 再加-ed: study / studied, carry / carried等。(4) 以重读闭音节或 r 音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ed :stop / stopped, admit / admitted, re
4、fer / referred, prefer / preferred 等。【注】(1) 以字母 l 结尾的动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写 l 再加-ed,如 control / controlled,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写 l(英国英语)或不双写l(美国英语 ),如 travel / travel(l)ed。(2) 动词 picnic(野餐)的过去式和过去分词是 picnicked,不是 picniced。(3) 词尾-ed 读音规则是:在清辅音后读作t,元音和浊辅音后读作d,在辅音t或d 后读作id。3. 现在分词的构成方法(1) 一般情况下,在动词后加-ing
5、构成:work / working, sleep / sleeping, wait / waiting等。(2) 在不发音的-e 结尾动词去掉 e 后再加-ing:smile / smiling, move / moving 等。(3) 以重读闭音节或 r 音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母动词,要双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing :sit / sitting, plan / planning, refer / referring, occur / occurring 等。(4) 以字母 ie 结尾的动词,通常将 ie 改为 y,再加 ing: die / dying, lie / lying, t
6、ie / tying等。【注】(1) 以字母 l 结尾动词,若末尾一个音节为重读音节,则必须双写 l 再加 ing,如 control / controlling,但若末尾一个音节为非重读音节,则可双写 l(英国英语) 或不双写l(美国英语 ),如 travel / travel(l)ing。(2) 名词变复数、形容词和副词变比较级和最高级、动词变过去式和过去分词等都有“改 y 规则”,但动词的现在分词没有“改 y 规则”。(3) 动词 picnic(野餐)的现在分词为 picnicking,不是 picnicing。时态:表示动作发生的时间或状态。时间: 过去 (过去将来) 现在 将来状态:
7、 一般 完成 进行 完成进行 四个一般:一般现在:动原;三单一般过去:过去式一般将来:be (am is are) going to will + doshall (一般)过去将来:be (was were ) going to would + doshould四个完成:已经 (时态标志词) 过去分词现在完成:过去分词过去完成: 过去分词将来完成:be (am is are) going to will have/has+ doneshall 过去将来完成:be (was were ) going to would have/had+ doneshould四个进行:正在 be(时态标志词) +
8、现在分词 doing(动词形式)I am writing.现在进行;am,is,are+现在分词 doing过去进行:was,were+现在分词 doing将来进行:be (am is are) going to will +be+现在分词 doingshall 过去将来进行:be (was were ) going to would +be+现在分词 doingshould四个完成 进行:have + be / been(过去分词)+doing(现在分词)现在完成进行:have/has + been+doing过去完成进行:had+ been+doing将来完成进行:be (am is ar
9、e) going to will +have+been +doingshall 过去将来完成进行:be (was were ) going to would +had+been +doingshould have(一般时态)现在时: Alex studies English everyday. 艾历克斯每天学英语.过去时: Alex studied English yesterday. 艾历克斯昨天学过英语.将来时: Alex will study English tomorrow. 艾历克斯明天要学英语.过去将来时: At that time I knew that Alex would s
10、tudy English. 那时我知道艾历克斯将要去学英语.(进行时态)现在时: Alex is studying English now.艾历克斯现在正在学习英语.过去时: Alex was studying English at this time yesterday. 艾 历 克 斯 昨 天 这 时 正 在 学 英 语 .将来时: A lex will be studying English at this time tomorrow.艾 历 克 斯 明 天 这 时 正 在 学 英 语 .过去将来时: Yesterday he told me that Alex would be stu
11、dying English this morning.昨天他告诉我艾历克斯今天早晨要学英语.(完成时态)现在时: Alex has studied English for one year. 艾历克斯已经学了一年英语.过去时: Alex had studied English for one year by the end of last month.到上月底, 艾历克斯已经学习了一年英语.将来时: Alex will have studied English for two years by the end of next month. 到下月底, 艾历克斯学习英语将两年了.过去将来时: S
12、he told me yesterday that Alex would have studied English for three months by the end of this year. 她昨天告诉我: 到这周末, 艾历克斯学英语将满分个月 .(完成进行时态)现在时: Alex has been studying English all the morning.艾历克斯一上午一直在学习英语.过去时: Alex had been studying English by end of last month. 到 上 月 底 : 艾 历 克 斯 一 直 在 学 英 语 .将来时: Alex will have been studying English for two years by the end of this year.到今年底, 艾历克斯已经连续学了两年英语.过去将来时: He said that Alex would have been studying English for four years by the end of next year.他说到明年底,艾历克斯学习英语将满 4 年.