1、THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GREEK AND ROMAN IONIC BASES (PLATES 49-53) S INCE Rhys Carpenter was one of the founders and the first editor of Hesperica and also the one who introduced me to Greek and Roman architecture and taught me both the scholarly rewards and the personal joys to be found in
2、 the close observa- tion of its details, it may not be inappropriate to offer him as a very small token of my appreciation of the standards he set for Hesperia and of his great teaching this preliminary sketch of the geographical distribution of the two main types of Ionic base in the Roman empire,
3、for he was early one of the few who have noted the dis- tinction between the Greek and the Roman forms of that base. Before we survey the forms in use in the empire, however, it will be useful, we trust, to review briefly the origins and general development up to the imperial period of the Greek and
4、 the Roman forms of the Ionic base. Asia Minor in the 6th century B.C. must be considered the earliest home of the Ionic base. That two distinct forms of column base were in use in Ionic buildings in the 6th century is well known.2 The earliest, best known at Samos (Fig. 1, a, b; P1. 49, a), combine
5、d a torus, horizontally fluted, over another element of equal or more frequently greater height, also usually horizontally fluted, which may be either vertical or slightly concave (this is the original scotia; Fig. 2, a, from 6th century Delos). It should be noted that the lower element which takes
6、the weight from the torus above it has a diameter at least as large if not larger than the greatest diameter of the torus; the scotia extends at least as far as if not farther out than the torus. In the other 6th century Asia Minor form,4 known first in the Artemision at Ephesos (Fig. 1, c; P1. 49,
7、b) very little later than the earliest Samian examples, the 1 Carpenters penetrating understanding of the evolution of the Attic type of the Ionic base, Greek Art, 1962, pp. 229-232, deals of course only with the original Greek form. That it is in fact the ultimate origin of the independent Etruscan
8、 and Roman version as well has already been suggested in Etruscan and Roman Republican Mouldings, 1965, pp. 25, 191 and “ The Roman Ionic Base in Corinth,“ Essays in Memory of Karl Lehmann, 1964, p. 301; see locc. citt. and below for the distinction between the Greek and Roman forms. 2 L. T. Shoe, P
9、rofiles of Greek Mouldings, 1936, pp. 179-180. P.G.M., pp. 179-180, pls. LXIV, 4-9, LXV, 1-3, 6, LXXI, 22-26, LXXII, 1-8; Ath. Mitt., LV, 1930, fig. 38, (Fig. 1, a, b, here), Beil. XXI, XXII; 0. Reuther, Der Heratempel von Samos, 1957, fig. 7, pls. 17-20, Z 23-Z 31. 4P.G.M., pp. 179-180, pls. LXIV,
10、1-3, LXV, 5, LXXII, 9-11. D. Hogarth, Excavations at Ephesus, The Archaic Artemtisi, 1908, pls. III, V; British Museum Catalogue Sculpture, I, 1892, pl. I; R. L. Scranton, Greek Architecture, 1962, fig. 45; F. Krischen, Die Griechische Stadt, 1938, pls. 33,34. Magnesia, Archaic Temple of Artemis (Fi
11、g. 1, d after H. C. Butler, Sardis, II, fig. 110). American School of Classical Studies at Athensis collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access toHesperiawww.jstor.orgGEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GREEK AND ROMAN IONIC BASES 187 lower element under the horizontally fluted torus
12、is broken up into two strongly concave scotiae separated from each other and finished at top and bottom with astragals; here too the greatest diameter of the scotiae is equal to if it does not exceed that of the torus above. Although at least one example of the Ephesos type base, unfortunately un- i
13、dentified and undated, has been found in Athens, on the Acropolis, it was apparently j 4 c4 d. .44 c. 45 d. b c de FIG. 1. a. and b. Samos, Rhoikos Temple of Hera. c. Ephesos, Archaic Temple of Artemis. d. Magnesia, Archaic Temple of Artemis. e. Sardis, Temple. mainly the Samian form which went to A
14、thens in the later 6th century as Ionic styles in both sculpture and architecture made their way across to Attica. The close historical connections between Athens and Samos at the time make this completely understandable. But even as Athenian sculptors made of the Ionic style something P.G.M., p. 18
15、0, pls. LXV, 5, LXXII, 11. 188 LUCY SHOE MERITT quite their own from the very beginning and soon developed a style distinctly Athenian in its real fusion of Ionic and Doric elements and spirit, so too did the architects in both capitals and bases. Numerous fragmentary examples of the Attic version o
16、f the 6th century Samian form have been found, especially in recent years, but a com- pletely preserved example, found re-used in the Athenian Agora (P1. 49, c),6 shows well the simpler, more Doric, treatment of both the torus (merely facetted, not fluted) and the cylindrical lower element (vertical
17、 and unornamented) which exhibits the same spirit as the painted rather than carved Ionic capitals so well known in the late 6th and the 5th centuries in Athens.7 This simplified form continued to be used by old-fashioned architects in the early second half of the 5th century,8 but Athenian architec
18、ts in general were not satisfied with the form learned from Asia Minor. In the course of the 5th century they developed a form of base which was ever after to bear the name of Attica and which was to be the inspiration for nearly all later Ionic bases. The full fledged Attic base as found in the Ere
19、chtheion, however, was not: arrived at immediately; it came only after several experimental or inter- mediate forms: 1. Stoa of the Athenians at Delphi, 479 iB.c. (P1. 49, d) where a) the lower element is curved in at the top to make a unique cyma recta instead of a vertical or concave element and b
20、) a small torus projecting beyond all above it is added at the base; of the changes, b) is the crucial new element, but note also that the bottom of the cyma recta carries the line of the profile well out beyond the greatest projection of the top, torus. 2. Older Parthenon, Unfinished Toichobate (Fi
21、g. 2, b, P1. 49, e; P.G.M., pl. LXVII, 1). Whatever the exact date of the unfinished building which preceded the present building on the site (on which point our honoree will soon give us further light in The Architects of the Parthenon), it was started after the Persian destruction of the Acropolis
22、 and before 447 when the present temple was begun. Although some have seen an astragal-crowned cyma reversa (comparable to the fillet-crowned cyma reversa used in the same position in the Hephaisteion, P.G.M., pl. XXXVII, 2) as intended in the unfinished piece, the finished deep well rounded cut at
23、the bottom seems to require a torus rather than a cyma; therefore it is highly likely that a form much closer to the Attic torus, scotia, torus of the Propylaia and Erechtheion than in the following, No. 3, was projected here. 8 A 1974, found built into a wall of the 4th century B.C. P. Amandry, Fou
24、illes de Delphes, II, La colonne des Naxiens et le portique des Atheniens, 1953, pl. XL. 8 In the Temple of Athena at Sounion to be published by Homer A. Thompson in Hesperia Supplement XIV; thanks to his kindness I mention this here. 9Amandry, op. cit., pls. XXI, XXIV. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
25、GREEK AND ROMAN IONIC BASES 189 3. Temple on the Ilissos 10 and Temple of Athena Nike on the Acropolis (Fig. 2, c; P1. 49, f), j both designed about 448 B.C., where the greater advantage over the Delphi cyma recta of the older scotia with a top projection (as in the 6th century Samian prototype) is
26、recognized and where the small base torus of Delphi is retained. 4. Base of the Ionic columns found built into the Late Roman Fortification Wall in the Athenian Agora (Fig. 2, d; P1. 49, h) 2 where the new base torus is now b f d FIG. 2. a. Delos. b. Athens, Older Parthenon. c. Athens, Temple of Ath
27、ena Nike. d. Athens, Agora A 2891 and 2892. e. Athens, Propylaia. f. Athens, Erechtheion, North Porch. somewhat larger proportionately than at Delphi or in the Nike Temple but still not nearly the size of the top torus and where an additional small torus is added as a crowning finish to the scotia u
28、nder the proper top torus. Al- though the building to which these columns belong is not known, the capitals associated with the base confirm a date between the mid 5th century and the Propylaia which this base suggests. 10J. Stuart and N. Revett, Antiquities of Athens, I, ed. of 1825, pls. X, XII; A
29、. W. Lawrence, Greek Architecture, 1957, fig. 82. 11 P.G.M., p. 180, pls. LXXV, 13, LXVI, 2; Orlandos, Ath. Mitt., XL, 1915, pl. V; B.C.H., LXXI-LXXII, 1947-1948, p. 5, fig. 3. 12 A 2891 and 2892. Hesperia, XXIX, 1960, pp. 353-354, fig. 7, pl. 77, a. 190 LUCY SHOE MERITT Finally it was Mnesikles in
30、the Propylaia (437-432 B.C.) who saw both the practical and the aesthetic virtues of a truly tripartite (rather than essentially two- part) base in which the base torus not only attains but often even exceeds the height of the crowning torus with a scotia between which is still mainly vertical in ax
31、is, its lower fillet only slightly more projecting than the crowning fillet (Fig. 2, e; P1. 49, g) .“ Let me refer again to the analysis of this base which Rhys Carpenter has given us.14 Another detail must be noted in this earliest known Attic base; undoubtedly the prac- tical considerations of the
32、 position it was to occupy where crowds of pedestrians and horsemen were to pass made Mnesikles keep under control the flarirng projection which is the essence of this base. Unlike the Nike base predecessor and the Erechtheion base to follow, in this base the top filletof the scotia does not project
33、 as far as the greatest diameter of the torus above it; it is set back about one-third of the full pro- jection of the torus. That this was special treatment for this position seems attested by the fact that in the Erechtheion and ever after in the Greek world and its cultural dependencies the top o
34、f the scotia is at least on line with if not projecting beyond the face of the torus above. The Erechtheion bases (Fig. 2, f; P1. 50, a)5 are of the form which became standard throughout Greece proper.6 Meanwhile in Asia Minor the Ephesos type (e.g. Sardis, Temple of Artemis, Fig. 1, e; P1. 50, b)7
35、had- gained popularity over that of Samos (except in Samos) but by Hellenistic times it had to compete with the Attic form 18 which had invaded its 13 P.G.M., pl. LXVI, 1; F. C. Penrose, Prtinciples of Athenwin Architecture 1888, pl. 32; Scranton, op. cit., fig. 63. 4 Greek Art, pp. 230-231. P.G.M.,
36、 pls. LXVI, 3, 4, LXVII 2, LXIX, 5, 6; G. P. Stevens et al., Erechtheum, 1927, pls. XVI, XVIII, XXII XXIII, XXVI, XXXIV, 2, XXXVII, 3-5. 16 E.g. Athens, Monument of Agrippa (Pergamene date, Antiq. Athens, II, ed. of 1825, pl. XLIX), Monument of Lysikrates (Antiq. Athens, I, pl. XXV), Olympieion (Pen
37、rose, Athenian Architecture, pIs. 37, 39; Ath. Mitt., XLVIII, 1923, pl. II; The Horizon Book of Ancient Greece, 1965, p. 364), Stoa of Attalos (Stoa of Attalas II in Athens, 1959, fig. 21). Delos, Portico of Philip (Delos, VII, 1, 1923, figs. 132, 133, 135), Ionic Naiskos (ibid., fig. 166; P.G.M., p
38、l. LXVII, 8). Epidauros, Theater (P. Cavvadias, Fouilles dAipidaure, 1893, pl. III, 7; P.G.M., pl. LXVII, 9), Tholos (Cavvadias, op. cit., pl. V, 3). Olympia, Propylaia to Gymnasium (Olympia, I, 1892, pl. LXXVI, 4, 5). Samothrake, Ptolemaion (A. Conze, Samothrake, II, 1880, pls. XXVIII, XLVII). 17 E
39、.g. Didyma, Temple of Apollo (H. Knackfuss, Didyi , I, 1941, pls. 1-5, 16, 27-28, 30-31, 43, 144-145, 153-154). Halikarnassos, Mausoleion (A.J.A., XII, 1908, pl. I). Kastabos, Temple of Hemithea (J. M. Cook and W. H. Plommer, The Sanctuary of Hemithea at Kastabos, 1966, figs. 17, 19, 21). Labranda,
40、Propylaia (K. Jeppesen, Labraunda, Swedish Excavations and Researches, I, 1, 1955, figs. 9, 10). Magnesia, Temple of Zeus (C. Humann, Magnesia am Maeander, 1904, figs. 154, 158; Krischen, pl. 24). Pergamon, Ionic Temple (P. Schazmann, Pergamon, VI, 1923, Beiblatt 3: 6, 7). Priene, Temples of Athena
41、and Asklepios (Th. Wiegand, Priene, 1904, figs. 54, 57, 58, 110; Antiquities of Ionia, IV, 1881, pls. IX, XI, XIV, XVI, XVII). Sardis, Temple of Artemis (P.G.M., pls. LXV, 9, LXXII, 12; H. C. Butler, Sardis, II, 1925, figs. 11, 12, 36, 38, 40, 58-65, 67, 96, 102, 103, 108-111, pl. B). “I E.g. Ankara
42、, Temple (D. Krencker and M. Schede, Der Tempel in Ankara, 1936, pl. 7, c). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GREEK AND ROMAN IONIC BASES 191 territory in force. The Attic base often appears even in the same building with the Asiastic (as we should now call the Ephesos type) in 2nd century Asia Minor (e.
43、g. Didyma, Temple of Apollo, Attic toichobate, P1. 50, c, with Asiatic column bases).“9 So strong was the appeal of the Attic form that it won the field in Asia Minor and was the form which Greeks carried with them everywhere throughout the Hellenistic world to the East. Meanwhile the Ionic order ha
44、d travelled westward also. In the Greek cities of Sicily and Magna Graecia, from the 6th century on, both the Samian and Ephesian forms of the base were adapted as was characteristic western Greek procedure,20 but regardless of adaptations all pre-Hellenistic bases retain the fundamental Greek chara
45、cteristic of the scotia projecting at least as far as the torus. By the 2nd century however, the western Greek cities, having come under Roman political domination, in most cases have taken over the form of base that had been developed further north in Italy. In the non-Greek parts of Italy the Etru
46、scans and Romans had by the 2nd cen- tury come into direct contact with old Greece and Asia Minor and had begun to adopt parts of the Greek orders. In so doing, however, they did not copy precisely the Attic base seen there but made a fundamental change which was to have as long a history in future
47、as did the Attic change from the original Asiatic form. The new form has often been defined 21 but we may repeat: the top of the scotia is set well back of the greatest projection of the top torus. The explanation for this basic change has been sought in the existence of the traditional Etruscan sin
48、gle torus base which could quite naturally be doubled leaving just a little concave space between to give the general impression of the tripartite Attic base (e.g. Paestum, Fig. 3, a; P1. 50, d and Saturnia, Magnesia, Agora Fountain (Humann, Magnesia amt MIaeander, 1904, fig. 145; Krischen, pl. 12),
49、 Agora Stoa and Propylon (Humann, op. cit., figs. 130, 135, 136), Temple of Artemis (Aritiq. Ionia, V, 1915, pls. V, X; Humann, op. cit., figs. 35, 67, 78; Krischen, pl. 39; Lawrence, Greek Archi- tecture, fig. 121), Altar (Humann, op. cit., fig. 92). Miletos, Bouleuterion Propylon (H. Knackfuss, Milet, I, 2, 1908, figs. 56, 57, 62, 63, pl. XI; Krischen, pl. 13; P.G.M., pl. LXVII, 7), Building of Laodike (H. Knackfuss, Milet, I, 7, 1924, figs. 275, 277). Pergamon, Theater Terrace Temple (Pergamon, IV, pls. XXXI, XXXIII; P.G.M., pl. LXX, 1). Priene, Agora North Stoa (Priene,
