1、汉英句法对比,1. 汉语的意合与英语的形合2. 汉语的语义型句子与英语的语法型句子3. 汉语句子之简约(竹状) 英语句子之复合(树状)4. 汉语句子的“左分支”结构 英语句子的“右分支”结构5. 汉语的动态与英语的静态 1) 汉语动词化和英语名词化 2) 汉语动词与英语介词 3) 汉语动词和英语形容词、副词,一、汉语的意合与英语的形合,试翻译下列各句，比较汉英语法意义和逻辑关系的“隐含”与“外显”差异,1. 发展体育运动，增强人民体质。2. 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？3. 我同一位操南方口音的梅门菲斯姑娘跳舞。4. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。,发展体育运动，增强人民体质。Promote physica
2、l culture and build up the peoples health.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？If winter comes, can spring be far behind?我同一位操南方口音的梅门菲斯姑娘跳舞。I went to dance with a girl who is from Memphis and who has a Southern accent.跑了和尚，跑不了庙。The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away with them.不入虎穴，焉得虎子。Nothing venture, nothi
3、ng gain.If you fail to enter the tigers den, how can you get the tiger cub? If you arent prepared to try or to take any risks, you cant expect to meet with success. 林小姐这天从学校回来就撅起了小嘴。她掼下书包，并不照例到镜台前梳头发擦粉，却倒在床上看着帐子出神。That day Miss Lin returned from school with her lips pouting. She flung down her satch
4、el and lay down on the bed staring up at the bed curtain. Usually, she would go and sit at the dressing table to comb her hair and powder her nose.以上各句译文仅供参考,二、汉语的语义型句子 英语的语法型句子,课堂翻译下面汉语单句，比较英语对应的句式，并注意英语包括屈折变化的形态标记.,1、鲁迅（是）绍兴人。主语+名词谓语 2、这个姑娘很漂亮。主语+形容词谓语3、这花儿是白的。主语+判断谓语4、水库是1958年修建的。（主语+判断谓语）5、他回来了。
5、主语+动词谓语6、他打破了杯子。主语+谓语+宾语7、李先生教我们地理。主语+谓语+宾语+宾语8、他要我投寄这封信。主语+谓语+宾语/主语+谓语（兼语式）9、他去市场买菜了。主语+谓语+谓语（连动式）10、他鼻子出血了。主题（主语）+评论或说明（主谓谓语句）11、这部电影我看过。主题（宾语）+评论或说明12、他什么事儿都知道。主题（主语）+评论或说明13、日语他一窍不通。主题（宾语）+评论或说明14、那个坏人把他打了。主语+宾语+谓语（“把”字句）15、天上挂着一轮明月。主语(处所)+谓语+宾语（存现句）,1、鲁迅绍兴人。主语+名词谓语 Lu Xun was from Shaoxing. SVP
6、2、这个姑娘很漂亮。主语+形容词谓语 That girl is very pretty. SVP3、这花儿是白的。主语+判断谓语 The flower is white. SVP 4、水库是1958年修建的。（主语+判断谓语） The reservoir was built in 1958. SV(passive) 5、他回来了。主语+动词谓语 He has come back. SVA6、他打破了杯子。主语+谓语+宾语 He broke the glass. SVO 7、李先生教我们地理。主语+谓语+宾语+宾语 Mr. Li teaches us geography. SVOiOd8、他要我
7、投寄这封信。主语+谓语+宾语/主语+谓语（兼语式） He asked me to post the letter. SVOC9、他去（市场）买菜了。主语+谓语+谓语（连动式） He has gone (to the market) to buy vegetables. SV+inf.10、他鼻子出血了。主题（主语）+评论或说明（主谓谓语句） His nose was bleeding. SV11、这部电影我看过。主题（宾语）+评论或说明 I have seen the film. SVO12、他什么事儿都知道。主题（主语）+评论或说明 He knows everything. SVO13、日语
8、他一窍不通。主题（宾语）+评论或说明 He does not know a single word of Japanese. SVO14、那个坏人把他打了。主语+宾语+谓语（“把”字句） The villain had beaten him up. SVO15、天上挂着一轮明月。主语(处所)+谓语+宾语（存现句） A bright round moon hangs in the sky. SVA,三、“板块”（或“竹状”）汉语句子之简约 “分叉”（或“树状”）英语句子之复合,1. 月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在走动，我们用当今发明的最高倍率的望远镜，也不能看见它们。参考译文
9、：The moon is so far from the earth that even if huge trees were growing on the mountains and elephants were walking about, we could not see them through the most powerful telescopes which have yet been invented.2. 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。参考译文：The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break
10、, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.3. 1826年杰斐逊逝世。按他生前遗愿，在他墓地的石碑上刻着：独立宣言和弗吉尼亚州宗教自由法令的作者、弗吉尼亚大学创建人之墓。参考译文：Upon his death in 1826, Jefferson was buried under a stone which described him as he had wished to be remembered as the author of “The Dec
11、laration of Independence” and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom and the father of the University of Virginia.,试译下面的句子，注意使原文隐含的语义逻辑关系在译文中显现出来，变汉语句子的简约为英语句子的复合结构,1.他不去我去。2.他不去我也去。3.他不去我才去。4.知人知面不知心。5.人穷志不短。6.人有脸，树有皮。,跑得了和尚跑不了庙。 The monk may run away, but the temple wont run with him.你死了我去当和尚。
12、 If you died, I would go and become a monk.他不去我去。 Id like to go if he wouldnt.他不去我也去。 Id go there even if he wouldnt go with me.他不去我才去。 Id go there only if he wont.知人知面不知心。 A mans face one can know, but not his heart.人穷志短。 When a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching. (Poverty stifles ambitio
13、n)人穷志不短。 Though one is poor, he has high aspirations. (One may be poor, but with lofty ideas)人有脸，树有皮。 The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.10. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack unless (we are) attacked.以上各句译文仅供参考,四、汉语句子的“左分支”结构 英语句子的“右分支”结构,五、汉语的动态与英语的静态,（一）汉语动词化和英语名词化,1. 研究一下那封信，我们毫不
14、怀疑该信是别有用心的。参考译文：A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.2. 工程设计是为发展人类所需工程而作决定的过程。参考译文：Engineering design is a decision-making process used for the development of engineering for which there is a human need.,（二）汉语动词与英语介词,试译下列词组和短句：沙翁写的剧本 外星球来的人 切纸用的机器 没有不带刺的玫瑰 他拿着枪，绕着
15、屋子走。他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。,沙翁写的剧本 a play by Shakespeare外星球来的人 a man from other planets切纸用的机器 a machine for cutting paper没有不带刺的玫瑰 no rose without a thorn他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。He walked around the house with a gun.他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。He is a man above vulgar interests.,（三）汉语动词和英语形容词、副词,试译下列各句：1. 今晚放映什么电影？2. 他不愿让我进去（或出去）。3. 这位妇女可胜任那项工作。4. 他们怕困难，宁愿走容易的道路。,今晚放映什么电影？What film will be on this evening?他不愿让我进去（或出去）。He wouldnt like to allow me in (out).这位妇女可胜任那项工作。This woman is available for that work.他们怕困难，宁愿走容易的道路。(Being) Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.,
