1、Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. There are generally two kinds of sonnets: the Petrarchan sonnet and the Shakespearean sonnet. The Shakespearean sonnet consists of 3 quatrains and one couplet. The three quatrains are devoted to the different aspects of
2、 one subject, paralleling in structure. The concluding couplet is actually the summary or comments made by the poet. One telling example is Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare. Soliloquy: It refers to an extended speech delivered by a character alone onstage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts
3、 and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud. One of the most famous soliloquies is the part of Shakespeares Hamlet, beginning with the line “To be, or not to be: that is the question.”Conceit: Conceit is actually an extended metaphor. It refers to the comparison drawn between two st
4、artlingly different objects. The leading figure of the “Metaphysical School”, John Donne, makes a high use of conceits in his poetic creation. For instance, he compares the souls of lovers to compasses.Imagery：A general term that covers the use of language to represent sensory experience. It refers
5、to the words that create pictures or images in the readers mind. Images are primarily visual and can appeal to other senses as well, touch, taste, smell and hearing.Ode： A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often writt
6、en for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event. Two famous odes are Percy Shelleys “Ode to the West Wind” and John Keatss “Ode on a Grecian Urn”.莎士比亚十四行诗第 18 首William Shakespeare - Sonnet #18Shall I compare thee to a Summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temp
7、erate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And Summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And oft is his gold complexion dimmd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmd:But thy eternal Summer shall not fade
8、Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比他可爱也比他温婉；狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短；天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，他那炳耀的金颜
9、又常遭掩蔽；给机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于凋残或销毁。但你的长夏将永远不会凋落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳；或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长在，并且赐给你生命。Summary: The poem starts with a flattering question to the beloved“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?“ The beloved is both “more lovely and more temperate“ than a summers day. The spea
10、ker lists some negative things about summer: it is short“summers lease hath all too short a date“and sometimes the sun is too hot“Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines.“ However, the beloved has beauty that will last forever, unlike the fleeting beauty of a summers day.Theme: In the sonnet, the
11、speaker compares his beloved to the summer season, and argues that his beloved is better. He also states that his beloved will live on forever through the words of the poem.By putting his loves beauty into the form of poetry, the poet is preserving it forever. “So long as men can breathe, or eyes ca
12、n see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.“ The lovers beauty will live on, through the poem which will last as long as it can be read.The Passionate Shepherd to His Loveby Christopher Marlowe（1564-1593）热情的牧人对他的爱人Come live with me and be my Love,And we will all the pleasures prove(1)Tha
13、t hills and valleys, dale and field,And all the craggy mountains yield(2).There will we sit upon the rocks,And see the shepherds feed their flocks,By shallow rivers, to whose falls(3)Melodious birds sing madrigals(4).There will I make thee beds of rosesAnd a thousand fragrant posies,A cap of flowers
14、, and a kirtle(5)Embroiderd all with leaves of myrtle(6).A grow made of the finest wool,Which from our pretty lambs we pull,Fair lined slippers for the cold,With buckles(7) of the purest fold.A belt of straw and ivy(8) budsWith coral clasps(9) and amber studs(10):And if these pleasures may thee move
15、,Come live with me and be my Love.Thy silver dishes for thy meat(11)As precious as the gods do eat,Shall of an ivory table be Prepared each day for thee and me.The shepherd swains(12) shall dance and singFor thy delight each May-morning:If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me and be my
16、 Love.注释：（1）prove：体验，古用法，其宾语是 all the pleasures，第 12 节描写大自然的美与和谐，为牧歌式的生活提供了适当背景。（2）yield ：give（3）falls:指溪水跌落时发出的声响。（4）madrigals:情歌（5）kirtle:女长袍，外裙（6）myrtle: 桃金娘，即爱神维纳斯（ Venus）的圣物。（7）buckles：（鞋的）带扣（8）ivy：常春藤，酒神 Bacchus 的圣物。第 35 节描写牧歌世界中的劳动或民间节日游戏，呈现出了一派伊园或人类黄金时代的理想景象，也使人想到英国乡村的五朔节，诗人要把他的恋人打扮成五朔节王后。（9
17、）clasps：扣子（10）amber studs:琥珀饰钮（11）meat:food 的古用法，此一节诗（第 2124 ）被认为是英国作家沃尔顿（Izaak Walton，1593-1683）所加。（12）swains:（古用法）乡村情郎。最后一节描写与五朔节相类似的狂欢活动。来与我同住吧，做我的爱人，我们将共享一切欢乐；来自河谷、树丛、山岳、田野，来自森林或陡峭的峻岭。我们将坐在岩石上，看牧人们放羊。浅浅的小河流向瀑布，小鸟唱着甜美的情歌。我将为你用玫瑰作床，还有上千支花束，一顶鲜花编的花冠，一条长裙绣满桃金娘的绿叶。用最细的羊毛织一条长袍，羊毛剪自我们最可爱的羊羔，一双漂亮的衬绒软鞋为你
18、御寒，上面有纯金的带扣。麦草和长春藤花蕾编的腰带，珊瑚作钩，琥珀作扣，来与我同住吧，做我的爱人。牧童情郎们将又跳又唱，在每个五月的早晨使你欢畅，如果这些趣事使你动心，来与我同住吧，做我的爱人。Summary: In the first stanza, an unidentified shepherd, pleads with an unidentified woman that if she will come and live with him, then all pleasures will be theirs for the taking.The second stanza sugges
19、ts a time of year for the lovers activity, which is likely spring or summer, since they would be outdoors and the shepherd imagines it is pleasant enough to sit and watch the flocks being fed. He proposes that other shepherds will feed his flocks, since with his mistress by his side, he will now be
20、an observer.Theme: Marlowe paints a picture of idyllic nature without any of the real dangers that might be present. There are no responsibilities in this imaginary life, as the shepherd imagines the couple will watch other “shepherds feed their flocks,” while making no mention of his own flock for
21、which he is responsible. Marlowes lyric is a universal (all times and all places) example of how young men tempt pretty girls with fantastic offers - slippers with golden buckles! -to make them yield to fulfill their sexual desires.although he is only a shepherd he will ensure that she enjoys a roya
22、l life.A Red，Red Roseby Robert BurnsO my luve is like a red, red rose,Thats newly sprung in June;O my luve is like the melodieThats sweetly played in tune.As fair thou art, my bonie lass,So deep in luve am I;And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry.Till a the seas gang dry, my d
23、ear,And the rocks melt wi the sun;And I will luve thee still , my dear,While the sands o life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only luve,And fare thee weel a while;And I will come again, my luve,Thoit wre ten thousand mile!我的爱人象朵红红的玫瑰王佐良 译呵，我的爱人象朵红红的玫瑰，六月里迎风初开；呵，我的爱人象支甜甜的曲子，奏得合拍又和谐。我的好姑娘，多么美丽的人儿！请看我
24、，多么深挚的爱情！亲爱的，我永远爱你，纵使大海干涸水流尽。纵使大海干涸水流尽，太阳将岩石烧作灰尘，亲爱的，我永远爱你，只要我一息犹存。珍重吧，我惟一的爱人，珍重吧，让我们暂时别离，但我定要回来，哪怕千里万里！Summary: In the beginning,Burns compares his love with a springtime blooming rose and then with a sweet melody. The second and third stanzas become increasingly complex, ending with the metaphor o
25、f the “sands of life,” or hourglass.The final stanza wraps up the poems complexity with a farewell and a promise of return.Theme: this is a love poem. By comparing his lover to sweet melodies an d red roses which bloom in June, and depicting the image of his love lasting until the seas run dry and t
26、he rocks melt with the sun, the authar shows us a nature, simple and original love between men and women.Sonnet 73 By Willim ShakespeareSummary:the author creats an autumn image that “thou mayst in me be hold”,an twilight image which will past more swiftly with rising night,and lastly an dying fire
27、image that burning with youth passion.This she sense, and it makes her love more determined.Theme:this is a love poem ,a song of a dying swan appealing for love. autumn, twilight, and the dying fire, the aesthetic effect created as well as the wisdom transmitted through these three images. The inevi
28、table conflict between passion and passing time, the persistence and necessity , the human beings transience and natures eternity.Amoretti (Sonnet 75) by Edmund Spenser One day I wrote her name upon the strand,But came the waves and washed it away;Agayne I wrote it with a second hand,But came the ty
29、de,and made my paynes his pray.“Vayne man,“sayed she,“that does in vain assay.A mortal thing so to immortalize,For I my selve shall lyke to this decay,And eek my name bee wyped out lykewize.“Not I,“quod I,“let baser things devize,To dy in dust,but you shall live by fame:My verse your vertues rare sh
30、all eternize,And in the heavens wryte your glorious name.Where whenas death shall all the world subdew,Our love shall live,and later life renew.“爱情小诗（第 75 首） 爱德蒙特 斯宾塞我曾经在海滩上写下她的姓名，但被汹涌的波涛冲刷地无影无踪；于是我再次写下她的姓名，然而潮水使我的心血徒劳无功。“可怜人啊， ”她说， “别再无休止地写西写东，这种消逝是不朽的永生。因为我本身也要经历衰老而光荣，如同我的姓名一样会被荡涤地失却竖横。 ”“不， ”我答道，
31、 “我不会让这种卑劣的图谋得逞，让它死在坟茔。但你将荣耀地生存。因为我的诗行将使你超凡的美德永恒，天堂里会留下你灿烂瑰丽的精魂。死亡将征服所有的臣民，而我们的爱情生命将无穷无尽！ ”Summary:it decribes a man on a beach tracing his lovers name into sand, writing it afresh after the tide erase it. When his lover critizes him by saying,“it is in vain. My name will not be immortal as I myself
32、 is.Eventually my name will with I vanish from this earth“,the man refutes her statement and avows that she will live forever because you will be eternized in my verse.Theme: of preservation through words, one can achieve immortality through literature. in the verse “Where whenas death shall all the
33、 world subdew,Our love shall live, and later life renew.“he shows that once death comes for them they/their love will be reborn again when new generations read this poem.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤独地漫游，像一朵云 That floats on high oer vales and hills,
34、在山丘和谷地上飘荡， When all at once I saw a crowd, 忽然间我看见一群 A host, of golden daffodils; 金色的水仙花迎春开放， Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 在树荫下，在湖水边， Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. 迎着微风起舞翩翩。 Continuous as the stars that shine 连绵不绝，如繁星灿烂， And twinkle on the milky way, 在银河里闪闪发光， They stretched in never-e
35、nding line 它们沿着湖湾的边缘 Along the margin of a bay: 延伸成无穷无尽的一行； Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 我一眼看见了一万朵， Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. 在欢舞之中起伏颠簸。 The waves beside them danced;but they 粼粼波光也在跳着舞， Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: 水仙的欢欣却胜过水波； A poet could not but be gay, 与这样快活的伴侣为伍， In such
36、 a jocund company: 诗人怎能不满心欢乐！ I gazed-and gazed-but little thought 我久久凝望，却想象不到 What wealth the show to me had brought: 这奇景赋予我多少财宝， For oft, when on my couch I lie 每当我躺在床上不眠， In vacant or in pensive mood, 或心神空茫，或默默沉思， They flash upon that inward eye 它们常在心灵中闪现， Which is the bliss of solitude; 那是孤独之中的福
37、祉； And then my heart with pleasure fills, 于是我的心便涨满幸福， And dances with the daffodils. 和水仙一同翩翩起舞。 Summary:It is apoem about nature. With his poetic and pure language, Wordsworth bring us into a beautiful world which there are daffodils, trees and breeze. We follow the poet at every turn of his feeling
38、s. We share his sadness when he “wandered lonely as a cloud” and his delight the moment his heart “with pleasure fills”. We come to realize the great power of nature that may influenceour life deeply as revealed in the poem.Theme: the poem is about about nature and describing the great power which m
39、ay influence our life deeply as revealed in the poem:a. Natures beauty uplift human beings spirit. The nature stimulate the mind of human and give them relaxing and satisfactory feeling.b. People sometimes fail to appreciate natures wanders as they go about their routines.c. Nature thrives unattende
40、d.The solitary reaperTheme:The poem mainly discusses the theme of poetry. Songs are poetry too, and that is clear to Wordsworth. We can see that he sees the girl as a poet because of the preface to Lyrical Ballads (1798). In it, Wordsworth maintained that poetry should not rely on artificial diction
41、 for its effort. Rather, it should be written in more ordinary language and simpler form so that all classes might appreciate it. “The Solitary Reaper“ exemplifies this belief.However it is one of Wordsworths most famous “solitaries“. Wordsworth used solitary characters to show how to be one with na
42、ture (See Old Man Travelling, There Was A Boy and Nutting), and this solitary is no different. The girl is compared to nightingales and cuckoo birds in a positive light, as though she is one of them, which shows her natural side. The “vale profound/ Is overflowing with the sound“, and this also show
43、s that she and nature are sympathetic to each other.Other themes touched on are those of loss- “some natural sorrow, loss or pain“- and imagination - the song takes Wordsworth to the corners of the world, from “Arabian sands“ to the “farthest Hebrides“. The lack of understanding means that he is abl
44、e to ponder the meaning, also an example of imaginationFire and iceSummary: In this poem Frost is describing how the world will end. He describes two ways that the world might end: by fire or ice. He thinks the world will end in fire but it doesnt really matter. People shouldnt fight about how the w
45、orld will end but should focus on the present day.Theme: human emotions of fire of desire and ice of hate are equally harmful and can easily bring about the end of a relationship. Success is counted sweetestSummary:The speaker says that “those who neer succeed“ place the highest value on success. To
46、 understand the value of a nectar, one must feel “sorest need.“ She says that the members of the victorious army are not able to define victory as well as the defeated, dying man who hears from a distance the music of the victors. Theme:only those who has not been successful think that success is so
47、 important, the author implied that one never fully appreciate what one has until it is no more.There is no frigate like a bookTheme: imagination, spawnedThe Road Not Taken Robert FrostTwo roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked
48、 down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no
49、step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood,and I I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. 未 选 择 的 路 罗 伯 特 弗 罗 斯 特 黄 色 的 树 林 里 分 出 两 条 路 可 惜 我 不 能 同 时 去 涉 足 我 在 那 路 口 久 久 伫 立 我 向 着 一 条 路 极 目 望 去 直 到 它 消 失 在 丛 林 深 处 但 我 却 选 择 了 另 外 一 条 路 它 荒 草 萋 萋 ， 十 分 幽 寂 显 得 更 诱 人 ， 更 美 丽 虽 然 在 这 条 小 路 上 很
