1、第 1 页Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱Randall Stevens. I conjured him out of thin air. he doesnt exist, except on paper. 变魔术般地创造出New words and expression 生词和短语Pioneer n.先驱 vi.vt.开拓, 为开路, 作先驱者a pioneer of/in sth 的创始人Young pioneer 少先队员 A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者 the of the Womens Liberation Movement.
2、动词句：Professor Alec Jeffreys, who invented and pioneered DNA testsAdvocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者 vt.提倡, 鼓吹 - pioneer adult education 倡导成人教育eer 结尾的表示人的volunteer engineer mountaineer 登山者lord n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵 （主; 上帝;领主; ）（主;上帝;领主;）oh dear!=oh lord! 天呢 lord bless me! lord have mercy! lord knows!天知道lord of war 战争之王=
3、warlord 军阀 （清末民前）lordless adj.无君主的 , 无丈夫的lordship n.贵族权力, 贵族身份lordly adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地duke n.公爵 (duchess)marquis n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作： marquess）(marchioness)earl n. 伯爵 （Countess） （count 法国）viscount n.(英国的) 子爵 （viscountess）baron n.男爵( 英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位 ) , 大财主（女性为： baroness）皇后-皇贵妃- 贵妃- 妃子-嫔-贵人-常在- 答应 （月银不
4、同、下人数量不同， “旗头”装饰不同）（封建的等级制度，祭祀，车马，穿着，甚至喝酒的器皿）Calais n.加来（法国港市） kleNormandie 诺曼底Overland adj.陆上的；横跨大陆的Overnight n.头天晚上 adj.通宵的 , 晚上的, 前夜的 adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上- an overnight trip 一整夜的旅行 / an overnight guest 过夜的客人overpopulated adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的overseas adv.海外 adj.外国的, 海外的over+动词（ over 表示超过）overeat vt.使吃过
5、量 vi.吃得过多oversleep vt.(使)睡过头 vi.睡过头 , 睡得太久overwork n.过度工作 v.(使)工作过度overcharge v.讨价过高, 使过量装填 , 过度充电 n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电overestimate vt.评价过高 n.估计的过高补充个单词 aviation 航空；飞行术，航空学;飞机制造业;集合词飞机aviator n. 飞机驾驶员 aviate v 驾驶飞机，乘坐飞机pilot n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员 engine n.发动机（引擎） ；机车, 火车头第 2 页Calais 加来（法国北部港市）Latest adj.最后的,
6、 最迟的；最新的, 最近的 n.最新消息, 最新式样Last vi. 持续 , 支持, 维持 Dover n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）Text 课文What was the name of the first plane to fly across the English Channel?In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of f1,000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.offer sth to sb=offer sb sth 主动的提供 另与 charge 相
7、反，出价报价 offer money for sthprovide sb with sth=provide sth for sb 一般的提供supply sth to sb= supple sb with sth 供给，支持 support sb in sth 资助、赞助、支持offer n 1、主动要求，主动提供；2、出价，报价；3、录取意向（职位，大学自主招生）从词义上说，award 是“授予，给予” ，reward 是“回报”award 奖励（官方的，精神层面）They awarded John the first prize. （ sth to sb 或 sb sth）reward 奖
8、励 （物质层面）They reward Jhon with 10000. （reward sb with sth）the first man who would fly across = the first man to fly across.序数词和动词不定式 to 搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句（最高级、限定词）- the first person to greet him was a local policeman- She was the only one to survive the plane crash. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。= She was the only one
9、that survive the plane crash.fly across; sail across;横渡 swim across 游过 come across 通过；碰到；遇上 get across to 使观点,主意等被理解 get this problem across to him（get sth across to sb 中 sth 应为抽象性名词）get through to 向某人讲清楚自己的意思 He could not get through to meOver a year passed before the first attempt was made.如果 befo
10、re 所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间（则最佳翻译方法：才.）另外还有“还没来得及就” “就”1、跟情态动词 can、could 连用，虽然是肯定形式，但是表达的意思是“还没来得及就” 。强调从句动作发生前，主句的动作就已经发生了。before I could catch the cat, it had run away.2、在肯定句中强调所表达的“时间、距离长；时间晚，或花费的精力多等，即程度高”翻译为“才”we had sailed four days and four nights before we saw landsIt was already evening before we
11、finally arrived in the little town.3、在否定句中，和肯定句中表达相反的意思， “程度低的语气”翻译为“不到.就”we hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.2 late this night 晚上的晚些时候at dawn 黎明时分=at daybreak at midnight at night at noon第 4 页take off 1、起飞 2、 （产品，活动，事业）的腾飞 his career took offoff 常见的一个副词用法“离开、动身”draw off 撤离（=withdraw）liftoff （火
12、箭、飞船）发射，升空set off 出发，动身coast 海岸 （指陆地和海交界的狭长地带，也可指沿海地区。 ）beach n. 海滩，沙滩（通常为 shore 或 coast 的一部分，是被海（湖或河）水冲刷而成）shore n. 岸，滨 （含义较广，指海洋、湖泊及江河的岸，通常为陆地和较大水域的交界地带。 ）border n. 边界，边境 多指靠近两国或两地区分界线的区域。boundary n. 分界线，边界 frontier n. 尤英边界，边境 指两国接壤的前沿地区，多有军队驻防。He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel
13、when his engine failed and he was forced to land on sea.When = at that moment （此处也可以换成 before，可以翻译成“就” ，表示“突然、忽然” ）Failed = break down=broken=stop working 失败；失灵, 出故障Fail 失败、忽视 （具体：机器、机械 抽象：身体部位、健康）fail to do 未能做某事 fail in sth 未能做某事 fail sb/sth 评定某人不及格/未通过 /挂科（驾照，大学）- She failed to win the prize. I f
14、ailed to see why you find it so funny （注意 see，fail to see 特化：不明白）- When I saw him, my words failed me.我不知道说什么好了。- the presidents health is failing fast - he died of heart failureforce sb to do sth force sbs hand 不得不，强迫（注意主语）I want to go with you, but the work left forced my handbe forced to do 被迫做某事
15、forced 强迫的，勉强的 make a forced landingThe Antoinette floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.float （使）漂浮；飘浮；飘动 指因有液体或气体的支撑而不沉，表示动态或静态。可用于形容具体事物或声音、气味等抽象事物。 float around 传开；流传（常考） =go arounddrift 漂流，飘移 指随风或顺水缓慢移动，强调动态，常用于形容具体事物。picked up = save = rescue 1、捡起，收拾，收捡 if you give up now,
16、who will pick up the mess.pick up after sb 跟在某人后面收拾 who want to get married and spend their life time picking some man2、用车接走，取走 3、 （非主动）偶然习得 he picked up Russian so quickly.4、得病，染上疾病（不常考） theyve picked up a really serious infection.5、重提，接过观点（捡起来，拾起来） Can I just pick up that gentlemans point.Two days
17、 alter, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called No. XI. Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his lattes model.第 5 页with a plane（with 具有、带有）- a suitcase a handle 注意翻译，虽然是伴随，但是翻译为“驾驶”with 复合结构=独立主格 名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，分词A week before, he had completed a successful overland f
18、light during which he covered twenty-six miles.= A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight and during the flight he covered twenty-six miles. - during which = during the flight during 介词 既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行,也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生cover 盖上、涉及、包含、覆盖（面积）行走了（多远） 、看完、报道（新闻） 、买单（全部支出） 、保
19、掩护cover a lot of groud 1、到了很多地方（直译） 2、涉及很多内容（抽象）china covers 9.6 million square kilometers. an area ofcover the Winter Olympics 报道here is 100, that should cover all the expenses.all the pupils in the school are covered against accidentsLatham, however, did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near C
20、alais on the same day with a new Antoinette. give up 放弃、戒掉（smoking ） 、投降认输（放弃抵抗）give away 1、赠送（多指用于礼物一类的） 2、泄露（秘密） 3、 （基督教婚礼上）将（新娘）交给新郎give out 1、分发（分发什么东西） 2、设备或身体部位停止运行; 停止起作用 3、发出(尖叫、叹息等）give in 1、上交 =hand in 2、让步，退步，屈服give off 发出 (光、热、声音、气味等)It looked as if there would be an exciting race across
21、 the Channel.It looked as if 似乎, 看起来- It looked as if there would be a heavy storm.as if 作为连词，本身不做成分，但是有意思。it seems as if/thoug. that/ whether/ if as/ if as thoug名词从句中引导表语从句。 “好像，仿佛” （可用虚拟语气）当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。保持时态一致。当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气.（非事实或夸张）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。
22、从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形”It seems as if it is raining. 外面看起来像是下雨了。 （确实是下雨了）It seems as if it were raining. 外面看起来好像下雨一样。 （虚拟语气，其实并没有下雨）it looks as if she didnt approve of our marriage, and it makes people talk.it looks as if it had been built yesterday.如果 as
23、 if 引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构，可省略主语和系动词，这样 as if 后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词（短语） 、介词短语或分词。如：He acts as if（he were）a fool注意，as if+to do 时，可以视为省略了 be going to/ be to 的结构，可表示将来，现在分词和过去分词则是behe raised his hand as if (he was going) to say something he opened his mouth as if (he were) to make some reply第 6 页seem seem+不定式短语（不定
24、式可以省略）seem+形容词，副词，介词短语，名词，分词形容词，其实都是 to do 省略。进行则用 seem to be doingit seems that，名词性从句，主语从句。注意否定，it doesnt seem that.it seems to sb that=sb seems likethere seems to be there seems to be no point in refusing. there doesnt seem to be too much hope.it appears to be=it seems to be 同样 it seems that=it ap
25、pears thatit promise to be 有的可能，有发生的迹象，吉象（积极的）消极的可以用 it threatens to be，噩兆it promises to be a fine day the clear sky promises fine weather it threatens to snow immediately the dark clouds threaten a strom.there is a sign（of sth）that. 有迹象表明.there is no sign the recession has bottomed out yet 萧条 抵达极点t
26、here is evidence（of sth）that. 有证据/ 迹象表明there is some evidence that a small amount of alcohol is good for you.Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough.get out 出门，逃离，退出；消息泄露为人所知（vi ） if word got out now, the scandal could be a disaster.get off 下车；出发；离远点
27、，别碰 get off the farm, get off me!get over 恢复过来；战胜（解决，克服）困难；讲清楚，使明白（get across to）get the message over to himAfter making a short test flight at 4,15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later.make a short test flight 做段距离试飞之后（主动）take a test 接受测试（被动）His great flight lasted thirty-seven minutes. When he
28、 landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman.= When he landed near Dover, the first person who greeted him was a local policeman.greet 打招呼;欢迎，迎接;致敬，致意; （景象，声音等）映入眼帘（be greeted by）the child is shy and doesnt like to greet people （打招呼，回应） 不爱叫人it is unlikely that this suggest
29、ion will be greeted. 欢迎，响应I was greeted by a shocking sightLatham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again.make another attempt 做了另一次试飞within= no more thanHis engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time.for the first time / for th
30、e second timethe first time 第一次，是名词，在句子中只能做名词的成分。at the first time 是介词短语，是“在第一次” 强调顺序 “在”for the first time 也是第一次，是个副词短语，在句子中做状语。强调首次， “第一次”第 7 页Key structures 关键句型 介词和关系代词搭配的用法：（决定介词位置的四个因素）1在正式的用法和用于书面语中, 当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时, 能够把可移位的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。- This is the person about whom I was telling you.- I
31、s this the book for which you asked me?2在非正式的用法和口语当中, 介词一般要放在从句的末尾。3有些动词介词, 合成词组被看作是不可分隔的语言单位。这个时候介词必须紧跟动词,不可移位- take after, account for4在很多情况下, 介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语, 在从句中起着状语作用, 与从句的谓语动词毫无关系, 不是谓语动词的一部分。这时介词始终位于关系代词之前。- He described it was a very agreeable situation located within two small hills. + In
32、 the midst oftwo small hills, flowed a great river. He described it as a very agreeable situations locatedwithin tow small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.- Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter in which the writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands.Multiple choice questions 多项
33、选择1. C 正确 develop（vt.使显出 , 出现, 产生） take-off（n.起飞）2. B 正确 3. B 正确 forced landing 迫降 properly（adv.适当地, 完全地）4. C 正确 序数词和不定式搭配连用5. A 正确 not till / not until6. C 正确 有 just 一般用完成时7. D 正确 promised vt.预示（有可能发生好的迹象）threaten 预示的恶兆- The river of liquid rock threatened to surround him completely, but Tazieff ma
34、naged to escape just in time. 这股岩浆威胁着要将他团团围住,但泰哲夫还是设法及时躲开了。8. A 正确9. C 正确 no further 修饰距离 （- I can walk no further. 我再也走不动了。 ）no longer 修饰时间或长度 （- He no longer lives here. 他再也不住这了。 ）no more 修饰某物 （- I can eat no more. 我再也吃不下了。 ）10.D 正确 - The ship rode the waves. 这艘船漂浮在水面上。hold water 论点或观点站得住脚 - What you said doesnt hold water. 你的话站不得住脚。Watertight adj. 无懈可击的, 不漏水的, 不透水的 - a watertight contract. 严密的合同11.A 正确12.D 正确 immense adj.修饰面积大得难以测量 grand adj.雄伟的, 壮丽的, 盛大的
