1、过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ） ”。-|- |-|-那时以前 那时 现在 构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。 肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词 否定式：hadnt + 动词的过去分词疑问式：Had + 动词的过去分词简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had.No, 主 + had 现在完成时的用法They had already had breakfast before they arrived
2、 at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words
3、by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如：
4、She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相
5、连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3 ）表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本 ，未能“We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn
6、t seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法 1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去” 。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒来时，雨已经停了。 （主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”） 2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去” ，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told
7、之前 ) 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten
8、. 4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）5.用在特定的句型中：no sooner than , it was the first timeIt was the first time he had been to Beijing.No sooner had he arrived at the ai
9、rport than the plane took off.下列情况一般不能用过去完成时下列三种情况不用过去完成时：1、句中如 yesterday , last year , in 1986 , three days ago 等明确地表示过去时间的状语，谓语动词必须用一般过去时。例如： Peter didnt play football yesterday . （ 彼得昨天没有踢足球。 ）2、在叙述两件以上的事件时，如果事件之间连接地很紧凑的一系列的动作，一般仍用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。例如： They decided to stay here , and so they built th
10、eir houses and made their farms . （ 他们决定呆在这儿，所以他们建了房子，开垦了农场。 ）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词” ；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 I had learned 1000
11、English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 没什么，我只等了几分钟。 （“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去 ”） 五、过去完成时
12、与一般过去时的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点： 1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去” ；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如： She was very happy. Her whole fam
13、ily were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (h
14、ad) called her before I left the office.重点 英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成时呢？要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件( 或以上) 的事件，一件是 A 事件，另一件是 B 事件，如果 A、B 两个事件几乎是同时发生的，那就用一般过去时；但是，如果 A、B 两个事件不是同时发生的，怎么办呢？那就是：哪个事件先发生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件后发生，就用过去完成时。例 1She said (that) she had never been to Paris.例 2When the police arriv
15、ed, the thieves had run away.例 3We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.例 4Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 例 5The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. 在上面的五个例子中，我们只要稍微分析一下，就可以发现：每个例子讲述
16、的内容中，都包含着两个(或以上)在过去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后发生的：例 1said had never been to (先没有“ 去”，后 “说”)例 2arrivedhad run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”)例 3 had hoped would comedidnt (先“ 希望 ”，后才发生“ 没去”)例 4was disappointedhad left arrived (先“离开”，后“ 到达”和“失望”)例 5were writingwent had left (先“离开”，后“到” 和“写”) 难点 例 1B
17、y the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 所以，在那么多表示时间状语的词中，大家要特别注意 By、如果出现 By时间状语，很有可能要用过去完成时了。类似的时间表达方式还有Until、Before 等。Until then, his family hadnt heard from him for six month. 1.-What are Mr and Mrs Black doing ?-They _ tea in the garden. A. are drinking B. drank C.
18、 have drunk D. drink2.We _the work by six yesterday evening.A. finished B.would finish C. had finished D. had been finished3. Soon Wu Dong _ up with Li Lei, then they were neck and neck. A. taught B. caught C. bought D. brought4. Tom _ the CD player for two weeks. A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has
19、bought D. has had5. We _ to the park if it is fine tomorrow. A. will go B. have gone C. go6. - How about going hiking this weekend? - Sorry, I prefer _ rather than _.A. to stay at home, go out B. to go out, stay at homeC. staying at home, go out D. going out, stay at home7. A policeman saw two thiev
20、es _a girls mobile phone on the bus and he caught them at once.A. to steal B. stealing C. stole D. stolen8.When Jack arrived he learned Mary _for almost an hour.A. had gone B. had set of C. had left D. had been away9. The Chinese pingpong players will join in the match.Lets _them success.A. wish B.t
21、o wish C.hope D.to hope10. -Who _the computer? I want to use it.-Timmy. He _ it for a week.A. borrowed, has borrowed B.has borrowed, boughtC. has borrowed, has kept D.had borrowed, kept11.That dinner was the most expensive meal we_.A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had12. Youd b
22、etter_smoking. Its bad for your health.A. eat up B.give up C.come up D.get up13. -How do you like this book?-I think it has nothing to_with our study.A. make B.do C.take D.hold14. -Where is Mr Brown? I have some questions to ask him.-He _the office.A. has been to B.has been in C.has gone to D.has go
23、ne in15.Mrs. Wu told me that her sister_.A. left about two hours before B. would leave about two hours beforeC. has left about two hours ago D. had left about two hours before16. It so happened that they_ the novel before.A. had read B. would read C. were reading D. read17. She_ for nearly two hours
24、.A. kept talking B. kept to talk C. has kept talking D. kept to talking( )(10)The job proved to be much more difficult than I_.A. expect B.expected C. would expect D.had expected18. Spring_ after winter.A. comes B. came C. has come D. had come19.-I hear some noise in the next room.-Oh, yes. Your sis
25、ter_ there.A. cries B. is crying C. cried D. was crying( ) (11)We couldnt catch up with the others because they _too long before us.A.started B.were starting C.have started D.had started20. All the students_ to plant trees and theres nobody in the classroom.A. go B. will go C. have gone D. wound go(
26、 ) (6)When I reached home, my parents _their supper.A.are having B.have already hadC.have had D. had already had21. The girl_ to milk since last winter.A. learns B. learned C. has learned D. would learn22.Did you see Xiao Li at the party? No, _by the time I arrived.A. shed left B. shes left C. She w
27、as left D. she must leave23. She didnt pass the exams because she_ her lessons well.A. wasnt prepared B. wasnt been preparedC. hadnt prepared D. was preparing24.The police found that the house _and a lot of things_.A. has broken into, has been stolen B. had broken into, had been stolenC. has been broken into, stolen D. had been broken into, stolen25. Great changes_ in the city, and a lot of factories_.A.have been taken place, have been set upB.have taken place, have been set upC.have taken place, have set upD.were taken place, were set up
