1、 1 / 25Phonics 拼读总结PHONICS 拼读总结 .1说明 2i. 内容 简 述 .2ii. 符号使用 规则 .3第一部分:规则总结 31. 基 础 :辅 音 发 音、元音及元音 组 合 发 音 3A. 辅音/子音发音 3B. 元音/母音发音 5Vowel A: (3).5Short A.5Long A .5The 3rd kind: saw aw 6Vowel E: (2) .6Short E .6Long E6Vowel I: (2).7Short I 7Long I.7Vowel O: (3).7Short O.7Long O .7The 3rd sound of O: w
2、u7 Vowel U: (3).8Short U.8Long U .8The 3rd sound of U: bush. 呃 .8Multiple Y (5).8作为辅音喝 Hat high hot hair houseJ j d Jacket jump jetHard K k Kid kind kingdom Sick back skunkK kSilent K 不发音 Knight knockL l l Lips lamp lightM m m;么 Mat mango magic Jam dream screamN n n Net nose nut Sun town queenP p p
3、Pig pie pen Tip keep sheepQ q kw;扩 (qu-)Queen quit question quickR r r;热 Rat radio rainbow Bear dear wearS s s;嘶 Sale sock snake sun Lips desks lollipopsT t t;特 Tiger tomato tank tea Sit boat closetV v v;屋 Vet violin vegetable (-ve,e 无音)five wave drove辅音 w;屋 Wax want waterW wSilent w 不发音 Wrap wrong
4、wrist wrinkle write在词尾读ks Ax box index fox, box lax mix hex tax rex fix在词首读z Xenon xyloid Xavier xenon xanthin xylem xylene xylophone xylitol xyloniteX x音节 ex 中 gz or ks Exit exam exist exult exact exalt example exhaust exhibitY y j;椰 yard yes yellowZ z z;滋 Zoo zebra zero quiz buzz;B. 元音/母音发音此处列举所有元
5、音的正常读音,及相关的常见组合的常用读音。组合详细的读音请看“3. 固定组合-C”.规则:#1#长元音与短元音: 五个元音字母的长元音可以简单地认为是发字母本身的读音; 短元音各自不同,62% of words in English have short vowels.#2# 结构。_如果单字中有两个或更多元音字母,且以 e 结尾, 则元音 e 不发音,且在 e 之前的那个元音字母发长元音。如-a/e/i/o/u_e 发音 A/E/I/O/U。Vowel A: (3) I ate all the apple.5 / 25Short AShort a: Apple sack axe ant ba
6、d fan dam mat lag pass tax hat waxLong Aa 与其他元音字母的组合。Long A.-a_e#2#: gate rake fake wave; -ai-: maid fail pain faint; -ay: lay say bay hay;*变化:+r -are: rare fare hare spare -air: air fair chair hair;The 3rd kind: saw aw 组合 发音 例子wa- w want was waffle watch water wallet au Haul cause clause daunt gauz
7、e fault fraud haul haunt jaunt launch Maud pause taunt vault aw w Raw crawl dawn drawl drawn flaw jaw law lawn pawn raw saw scrawl yaw yawnar r Car bark garb farm hard lark part scar shark sharp starch start yarn all w Call ball fall small squall stall wall Squallalt wt halt malt salt waltVowel E: (
8、2)Short ELong Ee 与其他元音字母的组合。-ea-3: lean heal weak beat -ee-: seed meet bee need keen seeLong E-e_e#2#: qene theme scene complete delete -ei2-: Weird either neither ceiling conceit conceive deceit deceive-ea-3 -eer r ear2 r -ere r*变化bear pear head health bread heavy;eer cheer deer beer; beard clear d
9、ear ear fear; here sincere phereShort e: ei埃 Egg elbow elephant jet send web tell sell less beg vet6 / 25其中 ea, ei, ear 组合有多种读 音, 详见元音组合部分。Vowel I: (2)Short ILong Ii 与其他元音字母的组合。Long I-ie: e 少数 pie tie lie die -i_e#2#: wife rise wine hide -igh-: light tight might night*变化 -iei 多数belief bel ieve brief
10、 chief field-ieE: i 多数belief believe brief chief fieldbeliefbelievebriefchieffieldfiendgriefgrievesniecepiecepriestreliefshieldshriekthiefthieveswieldyield-ie: e 少数 pie tie lie die criedcriesdiedieddrieddriesfliesfriedfrieslieliedpiepiespriedpriesryeskiestriedtriestietiesvieviedVowel O: (3)Short OSh
11、ort o: ao Ox octopus ostrich October nod cop rock rob pot lockLong Oo 与其他元音字母的组合。-oa-:road moan load -o_e#2#: joke hole bone hope -oe: toe hoeLong O-ow-1: bowl glow slow low -ou5-Though course court dough four mourn pour soul*变化+r- ar: roar - re: core bore chore adore ignore Ow2 :how brow clown crow
12、n The 3rd sound of O: wu Do To Lose Short i: A 四声 rib wig hill mitt zip rim fix kiss7 / 25moveWhoShoeTwowhomzooVowel U: (3)Short UShort u Up under umbrella mug cut luck fuss hug sub dust jumpLong Uu 与其他元音字母的组合.以下组合不和 r, j s t, l ch 组合 时读 U-u_e#2#: nude tube tune cure puke cube fume fuse muleLong U-u
13、e: cue due hue sue ui: guilt ruin juice tuition build suit-ew: few new dew hew mew -eu-: feud deuceU 与下面组合与 r, j s t, l ch 组合时发音为 wu-u_e: rude flute rule brute crude flute Jude jute plume-ew: blew drew flew grew chew blew crew drew flew threw*变化-u-:Judy jubilee Jupiter ui: bruise fruit -ue: true blu
14、e clue flue glue rueThe 3rd sound of U: bush. 呃PutPushPullBushPussBullywoodFullBullMultiple Y (5)字母 Y 有时被当作元音字母,因为有时它的发音像是元音字母 A,E,I。这取决于它附近的字母或 Y 在字的中间或最后。作为辅音椰 yard yes yellow yamShort Y-y- Cynic cyst gym gyp gypsum lyric myth oxygen system8 / 25Long Ya) 在词尾 。 若词中有不止一个音节,y 所在音节不是重读音节, 则 y 发 的音:bab
15、ybeadybeefybuggybunnycandycheekydaddydaisydollydustyflakyfriskyfunnygravyhandyjumpyladylobbynavyneedypennypokyponypoppypunypuppyriskyrustyshadyshinysleepysloppysmokystickysunnytidytinyuglywavyweepyb) 在词尾 。 若词中有不止一个音节,y 所在音节是重读音节, 则 y 发 的音:allyapplycomplydefydignifyedifyelectrifyidentifymagnifymultip
16、lyoccupyratifyreplysignifysupply作为元音组合的不发音原音Vy 不发音 playC. 多音节中的混元音(Schwa)#发音#: 呃,a, e, i o, u 是 schwa 时都发这个音。如:ago, local, sudden, robin, bottom.Schwa 出现的 规则:1. Schwa 仅在多音 节词中出 现;2. 不在重读音节出现;3. 很少出现在长元音的位置上;4. 几乎所有多音节词都有至少一个 schwa;5. 若一个元音消失后不改变词的发音,这个元音很可能是 schwa。9 / 25Each of the following words e
17、nds with a schwa. An a at the end of a word is usually a schwa.alleluiaalphaaquaarenaasthmaaurabetaboacameracha-chacheetahcobraCoca-colacommadatadeltadivaDonnaeraextragalaGeorgiagorilla10 / 25HondalarvalavallamamamamesamicanauseaNoahokraoperapandapapaparkapastapizzapolkapupaquotasagasalsaSantasodaso
18、faTampatogatubatunatundraultravanillavillavisavistazebra2. 固定组合:元音【此处为例词】D. 混合结构i. 一个音节里只有一个元音字母:1). 【短元 】: 结构。不在最后, 读作短元音:【此处为例词】bag bit dam 2). 【长元 】: 结构。在最后,为长元音:;此处-y 的情况下, y 读 long i 的声音,也有例外,如 lazy 中 y 发 long E 的音。bebycrydryfly frygohehimemynosheshyskysospythywewhy4. 音节划分规则1) 每个音节都要有一个元音字母。除 A
19、EIOU 外,y 是半元音字母,有时也作为元音字母。2) 多音节词,以每个元音发音(不是元音字母发音)为中心,与前面的辅音结合为一个音,剩下的 辅音由最近的元音发音收留。Fantastic- F an-tas-tic3) 结构.一般地,若第一个元音是短元音, 则分为两个音节(closed syllable) 。如:rob-in, com-ics, grav-el, pol-ish ;4) 结构一般地,若第一个元音是长元音, 则分为两个音节(open syllable)。如:la-bor. mu-sic, pho-to, po-lish.5) 只有一个元音的单字不分音节。如:fat fact f
20、ame curl。6) 由两个词组合的合成词音节分开读,如:up-set in -to sun-beam bath-room 。7) 前缀和词根分开读,如:mis-take un-loose ex-cel ad-mit。8) 后缀和词根分开读,如:plant-ed end-ed sing-ing high-uess。例外:若以 r 和 d 结尾后加-ed 后缀,则-ed 不增加读音。17 / 259) 的结构,一般在前两个 辅音间分开 为两个音节: 。- +1(1)+如:let-ter, cof-fee spleen-did, hun-gry 例外,一些固定的组合不可分割(sh ch c kw
21、h th ):se-cret, gath-er, punch-es, pro-gram10) 若单字中的元音不与前后拼读在一起,则读它自己的音(短元音),如:a-go o-bey mon-u-ment pi-a-no vi-o-let.11) 若两个元音相邻但不拼读在一起,则分别为两个音节。如:di-et fu-el radi-o cre-ate.12) 辅音+le 结构单独构成一个音节。如:tum-ble twin-kle tin-gle ri-fle。例外,ck 不可分开,tack-le trick -le knuck-le。5. 例外的规则Approximately 85 percent
22、 of English words are phonetic; this chapter looks at the other 15 percent.A. Silent LettersAll you can do is remember how to recognize silent letter patterns and, in some cases, memorize them.部分发音的辅音组合In this different kind of consonant digraph, one of the letters is silent, and the other one makes
23、 its normal sound.wr kn gn mb mn(as in write) (as in know) (as in gnaw) (as in dumb) (as in hymn)18 / 25含有不发音字母memorizing the silent-letter digraphsB. V+V 组合读做两个分开的音节VV 不读做一个音节,而是分属两个音节,各自有自己的读音。 这种类型的词很多都是源于其他语言的词汇。areaaviatorbiasboaclientdialdiarydietdoerdualfieryfluentfluidgiantheroicIowaJoeyliab
24、leliarlionmanualMariamediumneonNoahNoelnucleusoasisOhioorientpatriotperiodpianopietyplierpoetquietradioreactrealreliantrodeoruinsciencestudioSueztheatertheorytrialtriotruantvarietyvioletviolinC. 单音节中的长元音通常单音节词中的元音都是短元音,发长元音的例外如下:19 / 25D. O 都发 的音abovebecomebrothercolorcomecomelycomfortcompanycompass
25、covercoveringcovetcovetousdonedovedozengoverngovernorhoneyhoverLondonlovablelovelovelyloverMondaymoneymonkmonkeymonthmothernonenothingofotherovenshoveslovenlysmothersomesonstomachtontongueundonewonwonderwondrousE. 部分规则屋Soft Gd + Ge gi gyW wSilent w 不发音G gSilent G 不发音 -x:ks x-:z ex 有gz和ksB. 主要由元音字母组成
26、的组合发长元音读音的基本组合A E I O U_-_e- -_e- -_e- -_e- -3- -2- - -e-ay - - - -2- -2-5- -元音组合的变化A+ E +othersO U + - ere - -_e- - - -e-21 / 25 -2- - - -有多种读音的组合-3- -2- -2- -2- -2- -5- Y 的读音C 作为辅 音 作为短元音 作为长元音 不发音-y 所在音 节非重度: y- y -y- -y 所在音 节重度: or Vy -eigh- -ough - #混元音#: 呃 ,a, e, i o, u 是 schwa 时都发这个音。如:ago, l
27、ocal, sudden, robin, bottom. An a at the end of a word is usually a schwa.C. 元音与辅音的组合dr+ + +tr+ + +r +r r r r r r r r rScr+ Spl+Scr -a Scr - Scr -i Scr -o Scr -u Spl -a Spl -e Spl -i Spl -o Spl -u22 / 25D. 辅音组合chi -ck kshi Tr 戳-ch-k dr 桌多ao th zi-ll少u th si-tch chi -se z-sh- shi -ze z-ph- f wh w-ng
28、辅音+l bl- cl- fl- gl- pl- sl-辅音+r br- cr- fr- gr- pr-Shr- Spr- Squ- Str- Thr-E. 一些其他组合,如词缀shen sh-ion +tion/, -sion -ssion -ti- -ci- -su-Gh Gh Gh Ghtg gh f ghtCu/Gu u 不发音 - augh - -que -eau-cu gu ao k eu2. 一些规则模式类型 模式 说明辅音结构 - 辅音分开读 略+一个音节只有一个元音,且此音节以此元音开始后接辅音短元音结构 略长元音结构 1 一个音节里有多个元音字母,则这个组合读第一个元音的长
29、元音。23 / 25 另一种形式: w/y 作为不发音的元音/ 两个相同的元音。如果单字中有两个相同的元音在一起,则只发一个共同的长元音,此规则对 oo 无效+/元音+辅 音,且以-ing -ed -er 结尾,则这个元音读长元音。 不在最后,读作短元音混合结构 在最后,读作长元音第三部分:其他相关规则A1.复数类型 复数发音 例子以发音的子音结尾,-C +sz Rags dogs hams cans 以不发音只有声的子音结尾,不发音的辅音有:t, p, k, f+ss+ss Bats tops kicks staffs banks Hats naps picks doffs结尾是:-s, -
30、x, -z, -ch, -sh, -e-e eis Homes axes -s eis Blesses crosses fusses glasses hisses misses musses stresses tosses-x eis Fixes flexes foxes hexes mixes taxes vexes waxes -z eis Buzzes fezzes fizzes frizzes jazzes razzes whizzes -ch eis Catches clutches crunches drenches inches muches sketches splotches
31、 twitches -sh eis Cashes flashes flushes gushes joshes smashes splashes threshes wishes关于 y 的复数以 a,e,o+y 作为结尾的,复数加 s Day ploy key Days ploys keys其他情况的 y-iesfairy lady FairiesLadiespoppy puppy Poppiespuppiesnavypenny naviespenniessupply allysuppliesalliesPonybunnyPoniesbunnies24 / 25A2.后缀(suffixes):
32、-ed, -ing, -er规则 1:关于-ed 后缀的读法A. 以 t,d 结尾的动词,+ed,读音 。如: tinted rested listed,种类 发音-t / -d +ed ,TintedRestedListedSiftedBlendedNestedDriftedRentedRustedBlottedEndedHintedMistedRottedPlantedWendedwelded haltedB. 以 s, x, k ck sh ch p f 结尾的动词, +ed,ed-/t/。-sed-st, -xed-xt, -ked-kt 种类 发音s, x, k, ck, sh, c
33、h, p, f+ed +ed+tMappedPeckedmixedhuffedlickedstressedsnappedzappedpuffedinchedstrippedtoppedslashedtrappeddresseddroppedslappedcappedC. 其他结尾的动词,+ed-/d/。种类 发音其他+ed +ed+dFannedPlannedsobbedmobbedflaggeddimmeddammedthrilledscrubbedhuggedbobbed mannedtilled stilled tuggedrobbed filled milled规则 2:关于有-ed
34、-ing -er 词的写法&发音A. 【写法】 CVC+, , CVC+, , 当一个单音节词的最后三个字母具有 结构,最后的字音 C 双写。CVCbeddingbendingbumpingcannedclickingcostingdippingdraggeddrummerdulledfishingflatterfrettinggettinghelperhemmedjestedjiggingjottingjumperlandedlispingpinnedplantingprinterquiltedrammedredderrenderrobberrubbedrunnersittershutter
35、skinnedsnatchingsoftersplittingstopperswimmertiltedtossingtrampingtrappingyelledB. 【读法】 VC+, , 以-ed, -ing, -er 结尾的词前有结构 ,则其中的元音多为短元音,两个 CC 不必相同。VCbeddingbendingbumpingcannedclickingcostingdippingdraggeddrummerdulledfishingflatter25 / 25frettinggettinghelperhemmedjestedjiggingjottingjumperlandedlispi
36、ngpinnedplantingprinterquiltedrammedredderrenderrobberrubbedrunnersittershutterskinnedsnatchingsoftersplittingstopperswimmertiltedtossingtrampingtrappingyelledC. 【写法】 。_ +-ed,-ing -er 对于 结构,-ed -ing -er,写法省去原结构中的 e 后加-ed -ing -er。如:hate hater hating。_biterblazerchokedcranedcubedcuterdared filerflami
37、ngfuminggradinghatinghikerjokerlikednotedminernamingprobingridingripersaferscrapershadedshakingsidedskatedskaterslidingslopingsmilingsmokerstatingstrokingswipingtamertamingthrivinguservotervotingwaiterwiderwiserzoningA3.一些常用前缀, prefixPrefix Definition Examplesab away absorb, absolve, abhor, abductad
38、 to addict, adhere, adverb, adjunctbe totally betray, behead, becalm, bequestcom with compute, compete, compact, combatcon with contrast, consign, concise, congealde from defeat, deflate, detract, defaultdis opposite disarm, dishonor, disown, discorden in enact, enclose, encircle, entangleex out of
39、exhume, extract, export, exhalein in innate, indent, inspire, inbornin not invalid, insane, inhuman, inactivemis bad misguide, miscount, mislead, mistrialper through perfect, permit, persuade, perspirepre before precede, prefix, prewar, preparepro before proceed, prolong, proclaim, producere again reshape, rewrap, rejoin, reelectsub under subtract, submit, submerge, subdueun not unwise, undo, unfazed, unlaced