1、清洁发展机制国际规则和方法学段茂盛清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院2009年7月香港2内容提要Content1.京都议定书和三种灵活机制Kyoto Protocol and the three “flexible” mechanisms 2. CDM的基本概念Basic concept of CDM3. CDM国际规则的进展International rules for CDM4. CDM项目的基准线和额外性Baseline and additionality of CDM5. CDM方法学CDM methodologies6. CDM项目周期CDM Project Cycle7. CDM市场的
2、发展Market development of CDM8. CDM项目开发的成本和风险Cost and risk of developing CDM3发达国家在议定书下的减排义务Reduction Obligations缔约方量化的限制或减少排放承诺(基准年百分比)澳大利亚108立陶宛*92奥地利92卢森堡92比利时92摩纳哥92保加利亚*92荷兰92加拿大94新西兰100克罗地亚*95挪威101捷克共和国2波兰*94丹麦92葡萄牙92爱沙尼亚*92罗马尼亚2欧洲共同体92俄罗斯联邦*10芬兰92斯洛伐克*9法国92斯洛文尼亚2德国92西班牙92希腊92瑞典92匈牙利*94瑞士92冰岛110乌
3、克兰*10爱尔兰92大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国92意大利92美利坚合众国93日本94拉脱维亚*92列支敦士登92 4议定书下的三种灵活机制Mechanisms Under the Protocol温室气体排放影响的全球性The impact of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide不同国家的减排潜力和成本不同Different reduction potentials and costs among countries全球合作与减排的经济成本Global cooperation and the costs of emission reduction 三种灵活机
4、制：联合履行（JI, Joint Implementation）、清洁发展机制（CDM, Clean Development Mechanism）和排放贸易（ET, Emissions Trading）发达国家之间的合作(Between developed countries)：JI和ET发达国家和发展中国家之间的合作(Between developed and developing countries)：CDM基于项目的合作(Project-based)：JI和CDM纯粹的排放权交易(Emission trading)：ET5CDM的基本概念Basic Concept CDM是京都议定书规定
5、的，发达国家和发展中国家之间合作进行温室气体减排的基于项目的机制；CDM is a project-based mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol which involves cooperation between developed and developing countries to reduce GHG emission双重目的: (Dual purposes )帮助发展中国家实现可持续发展，并对实现公约的最终目标作出贡献；To help developing countries to achieve sustainable development
6、and contribute to the ultimate goal of “the Convention“帮助发达国家实现其部分的温室气体减排和限排义务。To help developed countries to fulfill part of their greenhouse gases reduction obligations 对CDM项目的基本要求：(Basic requirements)每个缔约方的自愿参与；(Voluntary)产生真实、长期和可测量的温室气体减排效益；(Real, long-term and measurable GHG reduction)项目所产生的减排
7、效益必须是额外。(Additionality)6CDM国际规则的进展Development of International Rules 2001年第七次缔约方会议(7th COP)通过了马拉喀什协定(Marrakesh Accords )，规定了“清洁发展机制的方式和程序” (Modalities and procedures of CDM)该次会议同时选举产生了CDM的执行理事会(EB, Executive Board)，EB到09年7月为止举行了48次会议 2002年第八次缔约方会议(8th COP)通过了适用于小型CDM项目(Small-scale CDM)的简化方式和程序 2003年
8、第九次缔约方会(9th COP)议通过了适用于第一承诺期中的造林和再造林CDM项目的规则(Modalities for afforestation and reforestation projects under the CDM)，同意定义小型造林和再造林CDM项目7CDM国际规则的进展Development of International Rules 2004年第十次缔约方会(10th COP)议通过了适用于小型造林和再造林CDM项目的简化程序Adopted a decision on simplified modalities and procedures for small-scale
9、 afforestation and reforestation project activities under the CDM 2005 年议定书第一次缔约方会议通过了公约缔约方会议代制定的CDM国际规则Adopted further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism in COP/MOP 1 climate change meetings in 2005 2005，每年一次的议定书缔约方会议就CDM给出指导意见2005 - , Annual COP/MOP climate change meeting to prov
10、ide guidance on CDM 8CDM项目的基准线和额外性Baseline and Additionality基准线（比较的基准）：为了提供与CDM项目同样的服务，在没有该项目的情景下将出现的温室气体排放量The baseline for a CDM project activity is the emission that would occurfor providing the same level of services in the absence of the proposed project activity. 额外性（额外的排放）：没有CDM因素时，项目由于某些困难或者
11、障碍不会实施，其所产生的减排量因而也不会发生（抵销机制）Additionality: GHG emissions will not be reduced in the absence of the registered CDM project activity, due to certain difficulties and constraints. (offset mechanism)9可能的CDM项目类型Possible CDM Projects京都议定书界定的温室气体23,900SF6（六氟化硫）6,500-9,200PFCs（全氟化碳）140-11,700HFCs（氢氟碳化物）310N
12、2O（氧化亚氮）21CH4（甲烷）1CO2（二氧化碳）全球增温潜势Global Warming Potentials(GWP)温室气体Greenhouse gas可能的CDM项目类型(Possible CDM Projects)所有减排如上六种温室气体的项目Emission reduction projects for greenhouse gases所有增加CO2吸收汇(sink)的项目CO210CDM方法学Methodologies审查CDM项目合格性(Eligibility)、估算(Estimate)及计算项目减排量（基准线排放(Baseline emission)项目排放(Projec
13、t emission)泄漏(leakage)）的基础 CDM方法学基准线(Baseline)监测方法学(Monitoring methodology)基准线方法学(Baseline methodology)确定基准线情景(Baseline scenario)、项目额外性( Project additionality)、计算项目减排量的方法(Method to calculate emission reduction from project)监测方法学(Monitoring methodology)确定计算基准线排放(Baseline emission)、项目排放(Project emissi
14、on)、泄漏(Leakage)所需监测的数据/信息和相关的方法11CDM项目和方法学的类型Project and Methodologies Type1.小型CDM项目(Small-scale CDM Projects)容量不超过15 兆瓦的可再生能源项目活动；或Renewable energy project activities with a maximum output capacity equivalent of up to 15 megawatts年节能量不超过60GWh的提高能效项目；或Energy efficiency improvement project activities
15、 which reduce less than 60 Gigawatt-hour (GWh) annually每年减排量不高于6万吨二氧化碳当量的其他项目活动Other project activities that both reduce anthropogenic emissions by sources and directly emit less than 60,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent annually2.大型CDM项目(CDM Projects)3.小型造林和再造林CDM项目(Small-scale afforestation
16、and reforestation project)每年的净人为碳去除量小于16000吨CO2当量，以及The annual net removal of anthropogenic carbon is less than 16,000 tons CO2equivalent由东道国确定的低收入社区和个人开发或者实施Develop or implement by low-income communities and individuals determined by the host Party4.大型造林和再造林CDM项目(Afforestation and reforestation pro
17、ject)5.规划CDM项目(Programme of activities)12CDM方法学批准状况Approved Methodologies到EB47，已批准的方法学共141个，包括：65个大规模方法学(Methodologies for Large scale CDM project activities)14个整合方法学(Consolidated Methodology)45个小规模方法学(Methodologies for small scale CDM project activities)9个造林和再造林方法学(Methodologies for afforestation a
18、nd reforestation CDM project activities)2个整合造林和再造林方法学(Methodologies for consolidated afforestation and reforestation CDM project activities) 6个小规模造林和再造林方法学(Methodologies for small scale A/R CDM project activities) 13批准方法学的主要内容Key Content for Approved Methodologies包括基准线方法学(Baseline methodologies)和监测方
19、法学(Monitoring methodologies)两部分名称(Name)来源(Source)适用范围(Scope of application)基准线方法学(Baseline methodologies)基准线情景的确定(Identify baseline scenario)基准线排放(Baseline emission)项目排放(Project emission)泄漏(Leakage)额外性(Additionality)项目边界(Project boundary)14批准方法学的主要内容Key Content for Approved Methodologies监测方法学(Monito
20、ring methodologies)不需要监测的参数Parameters not to be monitored需要监测的数据以及监测方法Data to be monitored and the monitoring methods质量控制和质量保证程序Quality control and quality assurance procedures15已方法学覆盖的项目类型Scopes of Approved Methodologies可再生能源利用(Renewable energy)生物质能利用(Use of biomass)（发电、供热、燃料替代、生物柴油）其它可再生能源(Other r
21、enewable energy)（发电、供热）节能和提高能效(Energy efficiency and saving)废弃能源的回收利用（发电、供热、机械能）Recycling of waste energy (electricity, heat, mechanical energy)提高锅炉能效、蒸汽系统效率Improve energy efficiency of boilers, steam system 高效/低碳发电技术Efficient / low carbon power generation technologies 电厂/其它工业生产设施改造Retrofit of power
22、 plant / other industrial facilities 节能冰箱制造Manufacture of energy-efficient refrigerator 其它节能技术推广Promote other energy-saving technologies16已方法学覆盖的项目类型Scopes of Approved Methodologies燃料替代(Fuel Switching)资源综合利用(Utilisation of resources e.g. waste gas)甲烷减排(Reduction of methane emission)垃圾填埋气回收利用(Recover
23、y and utilisation of landfill gas)煤层气回收利用(Recovery and utilisation of coal bed methane) 其它来源甲烷回收利用(Recovery and utilisation of methane from other sources) 避免甲烷排放(Avoid methane emission) SF6、N2O、HFC减排Emission reduction of SF6、N2O、HFC化工厂(Chemical plants)工业生产过程(Industrial production process)17方法学领域分布Di
24、stribution of Methodologies注：同一方法学可能属于不同的领域Note: Same methodology may belong to different areas1采矿/矿物生产Mining/mineral production (8)5农业Agriculture (15)6交通Transport （7)18造林和在造林Afforestation and reforestation (14)0建筑Construction (6)15废弃物处理Waste handling and disposal (13)17化工Chemical industries (5)0溶剂适
25、用Solvent use (12)26制造业Manufacturing industries (4)8HFC和SF6生产和消费中的逃逸排放Fugitive emissions from production and consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride (11)12能源需求Energy demand (3)8燃料的逃逸排放(固体、液体和气体) Fugitive emissions from fuels (solid, oil and gas) (10)2能源分配Energy distribution (2)6金属生产Metal
26、production (9)44能源工业(可再生/不可再生资源) (Energy industries (renewable - / non-renewable sources) )(1)方法学数目领域方法学数目领域(Area)18CDM项目周期Project Cycle设计审定/注册监测核查/核证CERs签发COP/MOP：议定书缔约方会议DNA: 指定国家主管机构EB：执行理事会PP：项目参与方DOE：指定经营实体CER：经核证的减排量19相关组织及其职能Related Bodies and Roles议定书缔约方会议(COP/MOP)：CDM的最高机构，可以就CDM的任何问题作出决定Th
27、e Conference of the Parties / meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP) : the highest authority of CDM CDM执行理事会(Executive Board) (EB)制订有关规则(Make the relevant rules )批准新方法学(Approve new methodologies)注册CDM项目活动(Register CDM project activities)签发减排量(Issue Certified Emission Reductions (CERs
28、)委任经营实体等(Appointment of designated operational entities (DOEs) )20 CDM执行理事会(EB)“委任委员会(CDM accreditation panel)“方法学委员会(Methodologies panel)“小项目工作小组(Working group for small-scale CDM project activities)“造林和再造林工作小组(Working group on afforestation and reforestation project activities)“注册和签发专家组(Registrati
29、on and issuance team)“秘书处(Secretariat office)相关缔约方：批准该国参与的CDM项目活动，涉及可持续发展、环境影响评价等Related parties: Approve CDM project activities with participants from the country taking into account sustainable development, environmental impact assessment, etc相关组织及其职能Related Bodies and Roles21指定经营实体(Designated Ope
30、rational Entity)（DOE）审订项目活动(validation)核证项目的减排量(verification)提交新方法学、对已批准方法学的偏移和澄清等(submit new methodologies, deviation from and clarification of approved methodologies) 审定监测计划的修改等(evaluate changes to monitoring plan)项目参与者(Project Participants)发起并实施CDM项目(propose and implement CDM projects)完成项目设计文件(co
31、mplete Project Design Documents) 监测并报告项目的实施情况(monitor and report on the project implementation ) 获得项目产生的减排量等(receive CERs)利益相关者及非政府组织等(Stakeholders and non-governmental organizations)相关组织及其职能Related Bodies and Roles22CDM市场的主要参与方Major Participants in CDM Market)买家（履约市场、自愿市场）Buyers (compliance market
32、, voluntary market)卖家Sellers)第三方认证机构（DOE）Third-party certification bodies )中介机构（基金公司、技术/商业咨询/服务机构等）Intermediary agents )监管机构（联合国系统、政府）Monitoring bodies23市场上的买家构成Constitution of Buyers)发达国家政府Developed countries)国际机构International bodies)自身有需求的机构Bodies with their own needs)其它买家Other buyers24CDM市场现状Curr
33、ent Market Situation（2009/7/12) 2000万吨CO2e862万吨CO2e52个正在申请注册(Applying for registration) 16.2亿吨CO2e3.08亿吨CO2e1718个注册(Registered) 29亿吨CO2项目数4200个，其中：到2012年底可产生的CERs 年均减排量（CERs）25项目分布Project Distribution26项目分布Project Distribution27项目分布Project Distribution28项目分布Project Distribution29项目类型分布Project Scope Distribution30减排量签发CERs Issued
