1、人教版高中英语总复习,介 词 和 关 联 词 讲课教师 郑 士 国,英语介词 随处可见，功能强大的 “小词”,英语介词虽是小词，数量也不多，但它灵活多变，随处可见，功能强大而且难于掌握。在现代英语中，介词的地位非常重要。我们切不可小看这个小角色，不可忽视它的作用。如果你能在英语介词上下一番功夫，那么你的英语水平会有一个飞跃的提高。,英语介词分类按结构分类,按结构英语介词可分为3类： 1简单介词（约有70个），如：in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across等。 2分词介词（约15个）如：during，following，considering，re
2、garding，speaking，judg-ing，talking等。 3成语介词（约有500个）如：out of，apart from，because of，by means of等。,英语介词分类按意义分类,按意义英语介词可分为3类： 1. 时间介词，如：at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。 2. 地点介词,如：at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside, outside等。 3. 其它介词，如：by, with, about, except, instead of, due to, apa
3、rt from等。,介词 - 从不独立行动的精灵 1,英语介词不可单独使用，只能与不同的此类构成介词短语来在句子中担当一个成分。 常用的五种介词短语 1.介词+名词：at the door, into the bag 2.介词+代词: for me, of others 3.介词+动名词: in doing so, to my sayingthat 4.介词+连接副词/连接代词/what从句:over whathe had better do 5.介词+连接副词/连接代词+不定式：on how todo this,介词 - 从不独立行动的精灵 2,其他类型的介词短语 6.介词+介词短语：fro
4、m across the street, until after dinner 7.介词+副词：from below 8.介词+复合结构：with the light on 9.介词+不定式（but/except)：did nothingbut watch TV/ had no choice except tolie down to sleep,介词 - 连接词与词的纽带 1,英语经常用介词来表示词与词之间的关系 1. 时间 1）at表示在某一时间点: at 3 oclock 2）in表示在某一时间段内的某一或某些点：in 2004in表示在某段时间的结束点：Ill see you again
5、 in a week. 3) during表示某一时间段内自始至终：duringthe first period,介词 - 连接词与词的纽带 2,4) on表示在某一day/date或其中的某一段：on Monday, on Sunday morning 5) by表示不迟于某个时间：by now 2. 地点 1）at表示在某处（而非它处）：at school 2) in表示在内部或某个范围内：in the office 3) on表示在上面与某平面接触：on the table 4) outside表示在某个范围之外：outside world,介词 - 连接词与词的纽带 3,5) unde
6、r表示在比某个位置低的地方或在某表面之下：under a chair 6) by表示靠近或接近：by the window 3. 原因 1）because of表示因为或以为理由：becauseof my father 2) for表示动作或活动的目的、目标或意图：for sale 3) out of表示起源、来源或原因：out of duty,介词 - 连接词与词的纽带 4,4. 方式 1）with表示以方式：with skill 2）in表示以某种方式： in French, in cash，in this way 5. 方法 1) by表示方法、手段: by the back road,
7、 bybus, by working hard 2) on表示运送方式：on a train,on foot 3) in表示途径或材料： in oils,介词短语的词性形容词 1,1. 介词短语的形容词性 1) 常用于做定语的介词短语的介词of: a child of sixwith: a man with a suitcasein: a girl in redto: the key to the doorfor: a war for moneyabout: an agreement about trade,介词短语的词性形容词 2,2)常用于做表语的介词短语的介词at: She was at
8、 a loss.beyond；The road is beyond the hill.in: Hes still in danger.of: Its of no value.on: He is on guard.out of: Im out of job.under: Hes under forty.,介词短语的词性形容词 3,3) 用于做宾语补足语：I saw George at work.A cold kept him in bed for 7 days.,介词短语的词性副词,2. 介词短语的副词性 1）做状语，主要用于修饰谓语：He has been here since Monday.
9、Bake it is for two hours. 2) 用于be+adj.结构： She is afraid of snakes.Im sorry about that. 3) 修饰非谓语动词：I asked to speak to the headmaster.Thank you for doing this for me.,介词-短语动词中的关键角色,含有介词的短语动词 1. v.+ prep.：agree with/to/on/in, answer for, ask for, come across, go after, live on, run into, head for, loo
10、k for/after/at 等。 2. v.+ adv. + prep.:come up to, go in for, run out of, do away with, keep up with, make up for, put up with等。,英语关联词 句子结构的“关节”，准确表达的关键,英语关联词是关系词和连接词的合称。严谨而准确的表达的基础之一是严谨的句子结构；而关联词 ，就是这句子结构的“关节”和关键。深刻理解和正确运用每一个关联词是高水准英语的重要标志之一。然而在英语教学中，关联词却常成为一个不为人说重视的 “小角色”，以致许多同学到中学毕业时还对其不甚了了。,英语关联词
11、 并列连词 1,并列连词 在句子中不做成分，仅表示前后关系。 1.用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分。1)连接语词：slow but safe/ either thisweek or next week2)连接分句：I went and she also. 2.可分别表示下列关系。1）转折：but, yet, however, neverthe-less2) 因果：so, for, therefore3) 选择：or, eitheror, neithernor,英语关联词 并列连接词 2,4）并列和递进：and,bothand, as well asnot onlybut (also),英语关联
12、词 关联词,关联词 用于引导从句。 1.名词从句: He doesnt know what she is. 2.副词从句：If he comes, Ill give it to you. 3.形容词从句：Hes the best student Iveever taught.,英语关联词 连接词 1,关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中（及某些连接词在短语中）所担当的成分，这是正确使用关连词的关键。 1.连接词：引导名词从句，在从句中不做成分。1) that（无含义）：I said that he was wrong.2) whether(if)（表示不确定性或选择关系）：I
13、dont know whether it is correct.,英语关联词 连接词 2,2.连接代词 1)引导名词从句，在从句中做主语、宾语、表语和定语。A. who/which 作主语（口语who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词）:I asked him who came into the room./ I asked him who(m) he sawwhom/which 做宾语:Ask him which he wants.,英语关联词 关联词 3,C. whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s) /定语： I wonder whose house that is.
14、D. what 做上面提及的各种成分:I dont know what I should do.What can be done?2）与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语。We cant decide whom to invite.We must decide what to do.I couldnt decide which to choose.,英语关联词 关联词 4,3.连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用，在从句中做状语。1) how: Thats how I look at it.2) where: I dont know where he lives.3) when: Tell me
15、 when to use the tool.4) why: Ill tell you why you have todo it.,英语关联词 关系词 1,4.关系代词1) who 表示人，在从句中做主语和表语（口语who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词）:The man who spoke is my teacher.I dont know who he is。The man who I saw told me that.2) whom 表示人，在从句中做宾语和表语：The man whom I saw told me that.,英语关联词 关系词 2,3) whose 表示“某
16、人/物的”，of which表示“某物的”， 在从句中做定语：Thats the man whose son is my pupil.The room whose window faces southis her bedroom.The room of which the window facessouth is her bedroom.,英语关联词 关系词 3,4) which 表示物，在从句中做主语和表语:I like the picture which was takenin front of the main building. 5) that 表示人/物，在从句中做主语和宾语; 注意
17、下列关于that作为关系代词的用法。A.现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时：This is the best film that Ive ever seen.,英语关联词 关系词 4,B.先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时：the first, the last, the only, thesame, the very, all, any, no, every.This is the last chance that you have.You are the only friend that I have.He told me all that he knew.,英语关联词 关系词 5,C. 先行词
18、是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时：much, little, none, everything/body,nothing, nobody.Theres nothing in the world that can frighten him.D. 以Who/Which开始的句子，其后的定语从句中的关系代词不使用who/which,而代之以that。Who that knows him would trust him?Which of these buses is the one that goes to London?,英语关联词 关系词 6,E.人和事物/动物同为先行词时：The man and
19、 the horse that fell into the river were drowned. 6) 关系代词做介词宾语。A.一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所在的从句的句尾，关系代词为that时，只可放在其所在的从句的句尾。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?,英语关联词 关系词 7,Is this the car which you paid a high price for?Is this the car that you paid a high price for?Is this the car you pai
20、d a high price for?B.介词during, except以及表示（从整体中）“分割”（出部分）的介词of等介词要放在关系代词的前面：,英语关联词 关系词 8,The years during which he was awaywere long years to her.He wrote many books, some of whichC.其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必须放在其动词之后，不可放在关系代词之前：This is the book which he has beenlooking for.7)关系代词的省略。A.关系代词作宾语时：The girl I w
21、ork with is coming.,英语关联词 关系词 9,B.that在定语从句中做表语时： He is not the man that he was when I saw him first.He is not the man he was when I saw him first. 5.关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语。1）where 地点： Thats one point where Id like your advice.,英语关联词 关系词 10,2) when 时间：At the time when I saw him, he wasill.3) why 原因：That is
22、 the reason why I came so early.4) that 方式/时间/原因 I like the way that /in which he did it.,英语关联词 关系词 11,That was the first time (that) I sawhim.The reason why/that he was dismissedis not easy to explain. 5)in which/at which = whereThis is the school in which/at which/where he works. 6)for which = why
23、 I dont the reason for which he left.,英语关联词 关系词 12,7)on which = whenThe day on which she was born was 22 September, 1988.,英语介词和关联词 试题与思路,1.The doctor will be free _. A.in ten minutes B.10 minutes later C.after 10 minutes D.10 minutes after 选A。in和将来时连用表示的是某段时间的终结点。after表示某个时间点之后的任一时间。later强调的是在某个时间点之
24、后。 2._ all the students, whom do you regard most highly? A.Of B.About C.From D.In 选A。由most highly可知句首的短语是表示比较范围的状语。当给出所比较的人、事物所在的范围时，用in;给出所比较的人、事物的名称时用of。,英语介词和关联词 试题与思路,3.He was praised _ his sense of duty. A.about B.by C.for D.of 选C。句子要表达的是受表扬的原因，所以选for。 4.The key _ success is hard work. A.on B.t
25、o C.in D.for 选B。表示“进入、达到、对于”等含义的名词，需要和to连用。 5.Alice has a large collection of photos, _ was taken in London. A.none of them B.no one of which C.all of which D.none of which,英语介词和关联词 试题与思路,选D。逗号后是一个定语从句，要有关系词来引导，可知A不可；从从句的单数动词was可知C不可；从no one 是表示人而且不可同of短语连用，可知其不可。 6.You are saying that everyone shou
26、ld be equal, and this is_ I disagree. A.why B.where C.what D.how选B。由disagree是不及物动词可知应选一连接副词来表达“在某处/某方面”之意，所以选B。7.Mary cant be admitted to a universi-ty next fall _ she can afford her further education.,英语介词和关联词 试题与思路,A.unless B.for C.as D.if 选A。从句意可知是有关条件的话题，所以表示原因的as和for均应排除；又由于主句是否定句，根据要标达的意思，应选否定条件连词unless。 8._ encourages us greatly is _ China has achieved great success in the Olympic Games. A.What; what B.That; that C.What; that D.That; what 选C。两个clause均为名词从句。第一个是主语从句，其中缺少主语，所以选连接代词what;第二个不缺少成分，所以用纯连词that引导。,
