1、黄 芪 Radix Astragali English Name Milkvetch Root,Origins Plant Morphology Collection and Preparation Production and Commerce Description Microscopical Characters Chemical Constituents Physical and Chemical Identification Pharmacology Action Indication,Main contents,Huangqi(黄芪) is also called huangqi(
2、黄耆) and was first recorded in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing as a superior herb. According to Li Shizhen, the Chinese name huangqi(黄耆) consists of huang(黄) and qi(耆), huang meaning yellow, and qi meaning “leader”. It is one of the most important tonic herbs, and that is why it was given this name.It is the
3、dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch. ) Bge. , family Leguminosae.,Origins,A perennial herb, 4080cm high. Main root stout, relatively long and straight. Stem erect, branched at the upper part. Leaves odd-pinnately compound
4、, alternate, with 1218 pairs of pinnae; stipules lanceolate.,Plant Morphology,Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge. ) Hsiao:,odd-pinnately compound：奇数羽状复叶 pinnae：小叶，由拉丁语转变而来，复数 stipule：托叶 lanceolate ：披针形的,Flowers in axillary racemes; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla yellow
5、 or yellowish, 1.82cm long; standard oblong-ovate; wings and keel clawed; stamens 10, diadelphous; ovary long stalked.Legume (pod)，membranaceous, inflated to be semi-ovate, 1.11.5cm in diameter, glabrous. Flowering season Jun. Jul. ; fruiting season Jul.Sept. .,racemes：总状花序 calyx： 花萼 campanulate：钟状的
6、 corolla：花冠 standard：旗瓣 wing：翼瓣 keel：龙骨瓣 diadelphous：二体雄蕊 stalked：柄,Cylindrical, some branched, upper part relatively thick, 3090cm long, 13.5cm in diameter. Externally pale brownish-yellow or pale brown, with irregular, longitudinal wrinkles and more transverse lenticel-like protrusions, cork easil
7、y exfoliated, exposing yellowish-white cortex, sometimes showing reticulated fibre bundles.,Description,cylindrical：圆柱形 cork：木栓层 exfoliate：脱落 cortex：皮部 reticulate：网状的,Texture hard and tenacious, uneasily broken, fracture highly fibrous and starchy, bark yellowish- white, wood pale yellow with radiat
8、e striations and fissures, the centre part of old root occasionally rotten-wood-shaped, blackish-brown or hollowed. Odour, weak; taste, slightly sweet and slightly bean-like on chewing.,Description,tenacious：粘性的 striation：纹理 fissure: 裂隙,slight,Cork consisting of many rows of cells. Phelloderm, 35 ro
9、ws of collenchymatous cells. Outer part of phloem rays often curved and fissured; fibres in bundles, walls thickened and lignified or slightly lignified, arranged alternately with sieve tube groups; stone cells sometimes visible near phelloderm. Cambium in a ring. Xylem vessels scattered singly or 2
10、3 aggregated in groups; wood fibres existing among vessels; stone cells singly or 24 in groups, sometimes visible in rays. Parenchymatous cells containing starch granules.,Transver section,Phelloderm：栓内层 collenchymatous: 厚角组织 lignified：木质化,Yellowish-white. Fibres in bundles or scattered, 830m in dia
11、meter, thick-walled, with longitudinal fissures on the surface, the primary walls often separated from the secondary walls, both ends often broken to be tassel-like, or slightly truncated. Bordered pitted vessels colorless or orange, bordered pits arranged closely. Stone cells occasionally visible,
12、rounded, oblong or irregular, slightly thick-walled.,Powder,primary walls：初生壁 tassel : 穗 bordered pitted vessels ：具缘纹孔导管,(1) Flavonoids: formononetin，芒柄花黄素 3-hydroxyformonontin (calycosin), 毛蕊异黄酮,Chemical Constituents,R1H R5=OME,R1H R5=OME R4OH,2,3-dihydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyisoflavone： 3二羟基7，4二甲氧基异黄烷 3
13、-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpane; 3羟基9，10二甲氧基紫檀烷,Chemical Constituents,(2) Saponins:,astragoloside 黄芪皂苷,soyasaponin 大豆皂苷,Chemical Constituents,(3) Sugars: astragalan, D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose; 多糖类：黄芪多糖，D葡萄糖，D果糖，蔗糖；(4) Others-Sitosterol, choline, betaine, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linole
14、inic acid, etc.谷甾醇，胆碱，甜菜碱，棕榈酸，亚油酸，亚麻酸等。,Chemical Constituents,3g powders,Apply the filtrate to a prepared neutral aluminium oxide column,methanol, 20ml, boil,1h,elute with 100 mlof 40% methanol,Evaporate the eluate on a water bath to dryness,Dissolve the residue in 30ml of water and extract with 2 q
15、uantities of 20ml n-butanol saturated with water,Dissovle the residue in 0.5ml of methanol as the test solution.,Combine the n-butanol solutions and wash solution and evaporate the n-butanol solution to dryness on a water bath.,Carry out the method for thin layer chromatography (TLC）(Appendix 6.3) u
16、sing silica gel G as the coating substance and chloroform methanol water (65:30:10, lower layer) as the mobile phase. Apply separately to the plate, dry it in air, spray with 10% sulfuric acid in ethanol, and heat at 105 for 5 minutes. A brown spot in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution
17、 corresponds in position and color to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution. Examine under ultra-violet light ( 365 nm ), orange-yellow fluorescent spots are shown in both chromatograms.,Physical and chemical Identification,【理化鉴别】,取本品粉末3克，加甲醇20毫升，置水浴上加热回流1小时，滤过，滤液加于已处理好的中
18、性氧化铝柱上（100120目，5克，柱内径1015毫米）。用100毫升40%甲醇洗脱，收集洗脱液。水浴蒸干，残渣加30毫升水溶解，用水饱和的正丁醇提取两次，每次20毫升，合并正丁醇溶液，用水洗涤，正丁醇液蒸干，残渣加0.5毫升甲醇溶解作为供试品溶液。另取黄芪甲苷对照品，加甲醇制成每1毫升含1毫克的溶液，作为对照品溶液。参照薄层色谱法（附录6.3）试验，吸取上述两种溶液各2微升，分别点于同一硅胶G薄层板上，以氯仿甲醇水（65：30：10，用下层溶液）为展开剂，展开，取出，晾干，喷以10%的硫酸乙醇溶液，并于105加热5分钟显色。供试品色谱中，在与对照品色谱相应的位置上，显相同的棕色斑点。置紫外灯
19、（365nm）下检视，供试品色谱与对照品色谱在相同的位置上均显橙黄色荧光斑点。,Pharmacology,(1) Tonifying effects: Continuous administration of the decoction to mice for three weeks increase their body weight and prolongs swimming time. The herb is considered a qi tonic. (2) Diuretic effect: In animal studies, oral ingestion or injection
20、 of the extract induces diuresis.,滋补作用：黄芪为补气药。小鼠连续给予其煎出液三周，能增加体重和延长在水中存活时间。,利尿作用：动物试验研究表明，口服或注射给予黄芪提取液均能引起尿量增多。,(3) Effect on nephritis: It has been proven effective against experimentally-induced nephritis, especially in treating proteuria. Patients with proteuria that are given the herb recover fa
21、ster than those in the control group.对肾炎的作用：黄芪被证明对实验性肾炎有效，尤其对蛋白尿效果较好。由肾炎引起蛋白尿的患者服用黄芪后恢复比对照组快得多。(4) Cardiotonic effect: The herb increases contraction of normal hearts, its cardiotonic effect being even more dramatic in hearts exhausted by fatigue and poison.强心作用：增强正常心脏的收缩功能。对于劳累或中毒所致心脏衰竭起效迅速，强心作用明显。
22、,(5) Vasodilation effect: It dilates blood vessels, improves blood circulation of the skin, and enhances nutrition.舒张血管：扩张血管，改善皮肤血循环，并增加营养。 (6) Antibacterial effect: In vitro the herb has antibacterial action upon Shigella dysenteriae,Streptococcus haemolyticus. Diplococcus pneumonia, and Staphyloco
23、ccus aureus.抗菌作用：体外抗菌活性实验表明，黄芪对痢疾志贺菌，溶血性链球菌，肺炎双球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用。 (7) Hypotensive effect: In animal studies, the herb has been proven to lower blood pressure, probably through its vasodilation action.降压作用：动物实验研究表明，黄芪具降低血压的作用，可能与其舒张血管的作用有关。,Action,To reinforce qi and strengthen the superficial resista
24、nce, and to promote the discharge of pus and the growth of new tissue.补气固表，排脓生肌。,Indications,Deficiency of qi with lack of strength; prolapse of rectum due to chronic diarrhea; spontaneous sweating; edema; prolapse of uterus; albuminuria in chronic nephritis, diabetes mellitus; abscess difficult to burst or heal.气虚乏力，久泻脱肛，自汗，浮肿，子宫脱垂，慢性肾炎引起的蛋白尿、糖尿病、疮口久不愈合。,
