1、Contents,Active Reading 2,Warming Up,Look at the following pictures and describe the emotion shown in each picture.,surprise,disgust,sadness,happiness,anger,fear,Warming Up,Work in pairs and look at the words below:Now discuss the questions: 1. When did you last feel the emotions described by the wo
2、rds above? 2. What are the earliest emotions you can remember in your life?,happy angry shy sad depressed frightened annoyed upset,Warming Up,Empathy vs SympathyEmpathy is the ability to understand how someone feels because you can imagine what it is like to be them.Sympathy is a natural feeling of
3、kindness and understanding that you have for someone who is experiencing something very unpleasant.,Warming Up,(Para. 3) Empathy originates from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself.Sympathy is felt for the general plight of another
4、with no sharing of what that other person is feeling.,Now skim the text, and find the definition of empathy and sympathy in the passage.,Warming Up,1. sending a card to someone who is in hospital 2. feeling happy because your friend has won a scholarship to a prestigious university 3. trying to comf
5、ort someone who has had bad news. 4. reacting physically when you see that someone is in pain5. collecting money to help the victims of a natural disaster6. crying at the end of a film,s,e,s,e,s,e,Now decide whether the feelings or actions described below are a result of sympathy or empathy.,Text,Ho
6、w empathy unfolds,Background information,Go to the text,The author,Text,Daniel Goleman (born March 7, 1946) is an author, psychologist, and science journalist. For 12 years, he wrote for The New York Times, specializing in psychology and brain sciences. He is the author of more than 10 books on psyc
7、hology, education, science, and leadership.,Everyone knows that high IQ is no guarantee of success, happiness, or virtue, but until Emotional Intelligence, we could only guess why. Daniel Golemans brilliant report from the frontiers of psychology and neuroscience offers startling new insight into ou
8、r “two minds” the rational and the emotional and how they together shape our destiny.,Text,Background information Emotional Intelligence is a book written by Daniel Goleman and published in 1995. The theory of emotional quotient (EQ) was based on earlier work done by other psychologists in the 1970s
9、 and 1980s a quotient is the number that is the result of dividing one number by another, so EQ is a score for behaviour involving emotions. The EQ concept claims that emotional intelligence is as important as the traditionally recognized intellectual intelligence. A high IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
10、does not represent all the elements for a successful career or life.,Text, Emotional intelligence is an important element of the social and interpersonal relationships which contribute to life success. The EQ emphasizes two aspects of emotional abilities: One is to understand, reflect and manage one
11、s own emotions which affect ones behaviour, intentions and actions; the other is to understand other peoples feelings and emotions. Perhaps the popularity of the book and the concept shows that many people now recognize the importance of emotions in our personal and professional lives.,Text,How empa
12、thy unfolds 1 The moment Hope, just nine months old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up in her own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had been hurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bear for his crying friend Paul; when Paul kept c
13、rying, Michael retrieved Pauls security blanket for him. Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results of the study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy. Virtually from the day they are b
14、orn infants are upset when they hear another infant crying a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy.,2 Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth,
15、infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another childs tears. By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone elses, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffm
16、an at New York University, for example, a one- year-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friends mother, who was also in the room.,Text,This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are
17、feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears.,Text,3 Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the
18、 word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titcheners theory was that empathy stemmed from a sort of physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself. He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy
19、, which can be felt for the general plight of another with no sharing whatever of what that other person is feeling.,Text,4 Motor mimicry fades from toddlers repertoire at around two and a half years, at which point they realize that someone elses pain is different from their own, and are better abl
20、e to comfort them. A typical incident, from a mothers diary: 5 A neighbors baby cries and Jenny approaches and tries to give him some cookies. She follows him around and begins to whimper to herself. She then tries to stroke his hair, but he pulls away He calms down, but Jenny still looks worried. S
21、he continues to bring him toys and to pat his head and shoulders.,Text,6 At this point in their development toddlers begin to diverge from one another in their overall sensitivity to other peoples emotional upsets, with some, like Jenny, keenly aware and others tuning out. A series of studies by Mar
22、ian Radke-Yarrow and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler at the National Institute of Mental Health showed that a large part of this difference in empathic concern had to do with how parents disciplined their children.,Text,Children, they found, were more empathic when the discipline included calling strong attenti
23、on to the distress their misbehaviour caused someone else: “Look how sad youve made her feel” instead of “That was naughty”. They found too that childrens empathy is also shaped by seeing how others react when someone else is distressed; by imitating what they see, children develop a repertoire of e
24、mpathic response, especially in helping other people who are distressed.,Text,Text,同感是怎样表露的1 霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安有些人认为这种
25、反应是同感的最初先兆。,Text, 成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安 一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。,Text,这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指
26、，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。,Text, 这种所谓的运动神经模仿就是“同感”的原始字面含义，而“同感”这个词于20世纪20年代由美国心理学家E.B.铁钦纳首次使用。铁钦纳的理论是：同感发自对他人痛苦的一种身体模仿；这种模仿继而在自身引起同样的心理感受。他当时在寻找一个与同情有所区别的词；同情是针对他人的一般困境而发的，无须分担他人的任何感受。,Text, 小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为，那时他们会意识到别人的痛苦与自己的不同，会更有能力安慰别人。下面是摘自一位母亲日记里的典型事例： 邻居
27、家的婴儿哭了，珍妮走上前去，试图给他一些小甜饼。她跟着他转，开始带着哭腔低声自言自语。然后她试图抚摸他的头发，可是他躲开了他平静下来，但是珍妮仍然面带忧色。她继续给他拿来玩具，轻拍他的头和肩膀。,Text, 在这个年龄，幼儿对于他人感情波动的总体敏感度开始有所不同，有些像珍妮一样，感同身受，有些则不予理睬。美国国家心理健康研究所的玛丽安拉德克亚罗和卡罗琳察恩瓦克斯勒所做的一系列研究表明，这种在同感关注方面的差异大部分与父母怎样教养子女有关。,Text,她们发现，如果在家教中让孩子特别注意他们的恶作剧给别人造成的痛苦，孩子就比较有同感心。比如对孩子说“瞧你让她多伤心啊”，而不是说“你真调皮”。她
28、们也发现，观看别人遇到痛苦时其他人的反应，儿童的同感心也会受到影响。通过模仿亲眼所见，儿童能培养出一套同感反应行为，尤其是在帮助那些痛苦的人的时候。,empathy,crawl,teddy,retrieve,trace,developmental,sympathetic,disturbance,misery,confusion,distinct,toddler,repertoire,cookie,stroke,infancy,virtually,infant,response,precursor,imitate,comprehend,mimicry,imitation,evoke,pat,di
29、verge,sensitivity,keenly,empathic,Words & Phrases,discipline,apart from,stem from,misbehavior,pull away,calm down,naughty,tune out,Words & Phrases,Hope 霍普（人名）,Michael 迈克尔（人名）,Paul 保罗（人名）,Martin L. Hoffman 马丁L. 霍夫曼,E. B. Titchener 铁钦纳（美国心理学家）,Jenny 珍妮（人名）,Marian Radke-Yarro w 玛丽安拉德克亚罗,Carolyn Zahn-Wa
30、xler 卡罗琳察恩瓦克斯勒,National Institute of Mental Health 美国国家心理健康研究所,Words & Phrases,empathy n. U the ability to understand how sb. feels because you can imagine what it is like to be them 同感；同情；移情 e.g. 1. There is a strange empathy between the old lady and her grandson. 老妇人和她孙子间有种莫名其妙的心灵相通的感觉。 2. She had
31、 a deep empathy with animals.她对动物有深切的感情。 3. I felt real empathy for my mother and what she had been through.我对母亲所经历的一切感同身受。 Word family: empathic a.,Words & Phrases,crawl vi. 1. to move along the ground on your hands and knees or with your body close to the ground 爬；爬行；匍匐行进 e.g. 1. A baby crawls (ar
32、ound) before it can walk. 婴儿先能（到处）爬, 然后才会走。 2. I began to crawl on my hands and knees to the door.我开始手脚并用朝门口爬去。 2. (of traffic, vehicles, etc.) to move very slowly （指来往行人 车辆等）缓慢地行进, 徐缓而行 e.g. The traffic crawled over the bridge in the rush-hour. 在高峰时刻桥上的车辆行驶缓慢。,Words & Phrases,teddy n. C a teddy bea
33、r 玩具熊；泰迪熊 e.g. Jo was chastising his teddy bear in the living room. 乔在起居室里严厉地惩罚他的玩具小狗熊。,Words & Phrases,retrieve vt. (fml) to get sth. back, especially sth. that is not easy to find 重新找回；收回；取回 e.g. 1. The men were trying to retrieve the weapons left when the army abandoned the island.那些人正试图找回该军队撤离这个
34、岛时留下的武器。 2. She bent down to retrieve her earring.她俯下身去捡回她的耳环。retrieve sth. from sth. e.g. It took four days to retrieve all the bodies from the crash. 花了四天的时间才废墟中找回所有的尸体。,Words & Phrases,trace vt. 1. to discover the origin of sth. or how it developed 追究， 追溯（来源） e.g. 1. The style of these paintings
35、can be traced back to early medieval influences.这些绘画的风格可以追溯到中世纪早期的影响。 2. The psychiatrist successfully traced some of her problems to severe childhood traumas.这位精神病学家将她的一些问题成功地追溯到她童年时代遭受的严重创伤。,Words & Phrases,2. to find sb. or sth. that you are looking for by asking questions and getting information
36、 追查；追踪 e.g. 1. She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.她已经放弃了寻找失踪女儿的所有希望。 2. We are currently trying to trace the whereabouts of certain sums of money.我们目前正试图找到某些钱款的下落。,Words & Phrases,infancy n. U the time when you are a baby or a very young child 婴儿期；幼儿期 e.g. 1. In the past, many
37、 children died in infancy.过去很多孩子夭折于襁褓。 2. A fall he had in infancy resulted in his deafness. 他小时候跌了一跤，造成了耳聋。 Word family: infant n. C,Words & Phrases,virtually ad. used for emphasizing that a statement is almost completely true 差不多；实质上；实际上 e.g. 1. Virtually all the children come to school by bus.差不多
38、所有的孩子都是乘巴士来上学的。 2. We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want. (CET4-2001-06)我们再也不能把水看作是一种几乎完全免费的资源，想用多少就用多少，想怎么用就怎么用。 Synonym: practically,Words & Phrases,infant n. C (fml) a baby or a very young child 婴儿；幼儿 e.g. 1.
39、An infants skin is very sensitive.婴儿的皮肤非常敏感。 2. The sole survivor of the crash was an infant. 这次撞车的惟一幸存者是一个婴儿。 Word family: infancy n. U,Words & Phrases,response n. C a reaction 反应；回应；响应 e.g. 1. His response to attacks on his work was chiefly bewilderment.听到别人对自己工作的指责，他的反应主要是困惑。 2. There has been no
40、 response to his remarks from the government.政府尚未对他的言论作出回应。 3. Your positive response will reinforce her actions.你积极的回应会使她的行为更加坚定。 Word family: respond v.,Words & Phrases,precursor n. C (fml) sth. that exists before sth. else, and is related to it or influences its development 先兆；前兆 e.g. 1. Overweig
41、ht and shortness of breath were the precursors of a heart attack. 身体超重和呼吸急促都是心脏病发作的前兆。 2. Were these small movements the precursor to major earthquake?这些小的活动是否是一次大地震的先兆呢？,Words & Phrases,developmental a. relating to a childs growth and ability to learn things 成长的，发育的 e.g. 1. During childhood each of
42、 us has to navigate a pathway through a series of developmental stages. 我们每个人在童年时都要经历和应对不同的成长阶段。 2. Autism? What is this complex developmental disability? 自闭症这是一个怎样复杂的发育缺陷? Word family: developmentally ad. develop v. development n.,Words & Phrases,sympathetic a. kind to sb. who has a problem and wil
43、ling to understand how they feel 同情的；有同情心的；表示同情的 e.g. 1. We hope always to provide a friendly sympathetic ear. 我们希望永远做富有同情心的倾听者。 2. Im sympathetic to parents who are worried about what their children see on television我很同情那些家长，他们都很担心自己的孩子所看的电视内容。 Word family: sympathy n. e.g. We expressed our sympath
44、y for her loss.我们对她的损失表示同情。,Words & Phrases,disturbance n. C, U sth. that interrupts you and stops you from continuing what you were doing 造成干扰的事物；干扰 e.g. 1. We arrange the work so theres as little disturbance as possible.我们把工作安排得尽量少受到干扰。 2. When a helicopter lands, it can cause a disturbance to loc
45、al residents.直升机降落时会打扰当地居民。 Word family: disturb v.,Words & Phrases,misery n. U,C the state of being extremely unhappy or uncomfortable 苦恼；痛苦；苦难 e.g. 1. What we are witnessing here is human misery on a vast scale.我们在这里所目睹的是人类大规模的灾难。 2. Competitive mothers can make their daughters lives a misery.争强好胜
46、的母亲会使自己的女儿日子不好过。 3. Go on, put them out of their misery and announce the winner. 说吧，别让他们坐立不安了，宣布谁是获胜者吧。 Word family: miserable a.,Words & Phrases,confusion n. sing a situation in which you mistake one person or thing for another 混淆；错认 e.g. 1. His answers to my questions have only added to my confusi
47、on. 他对我的问题的回答只是使我更加困惑不解。 2. Only by writing things down could I bring some sort of order to the confusion.只有把东西记下来，我才能从混乱中理出些头绪来。 Word family: confuse v.,Words & Phrases,imitate vt. to copy sb.s actions, words, or behaviour, often in order to make people laugh（常为取悦他人而）模仿（某人的动作、言语或行为） e.g. 1. He coul
48、d imitate in speech or writing most of those he admired.他能模仿大多数自己崇拜的偶像的讲话和写作风格。 2. James can imitate his father perfectly.詹姆斯能逼真地模仿他父亲。 3. Some parrots can imitate sounds and repeat words and sentences. 有些鹦鹉能模仿人声，还能学人说一些单词和句子。 Word family: imitation n.,Words & Phrases,comprehend v. (fml) to understa
49、nd sth. 理解；领会 e.g. 1. She cannot comprehend the extent of the disaster.她无法理解这场灾难的程度。 2. He couldnt comprehend her reasons for marrying the old man.他不明白她为什么要嫁给那个老头。 3. I simply couldnt comprehend what had happened.我简直不明白发生了什么事。 Word family: comprehension n. comprehensive a.,Words & Phrases,mimicry n.
50、 U the action of mimicking sb., or the ability to do this 模仿；模仿能力 e.g. 1. One of his few strengths was his skill at mimicry.他为数不多的强项之一就是善于模仿。 2. Language learning usually needs conscious mimicry.通常，学习语言需要有意识地去模仿。 Word family: mimic v. e.g. Neural networks are computer systems which mimic the workings of the brain.神经网络是模拟大脑工作方式的计算机系统。,
