1、阅读理解技巧之 猜测词意,考试说明中关于阅读理解的要求,本部分共分两节，测试考生的英语阅读理解能力。要求考生读懂书、报、杂志、网络中关于一般性话题的文字材料以及公告、说明、广告等（生词量不超过3），并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：、理解主旨要义；、理解文中具体信息；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、作出简单判断和理解；、理解文章的基本结构；、理解作者的意图和态度。,If you come across the new words when reading,What will you do ?,What difficulty do you have in reading?,How to guess
2、the meanings of words,Ways to Guess the Words,一. Explanation（解释）,二. Context（上下文）,三. Word-formation（字形）,四. Examples（例子）,五. Common sense（常识）,eg： It will be very hard but also very brittle - that is, it will break easily. eg： Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening
3、 to the movements of a persons lung and his heartbeats.,一、Explanation,易碎的，脆弱的,听诊器,利用文章中用不同的话对同一概念的解释，猜测词义。信号词：be, be called, means, be defined as ，that is,等等，标点符号有：等,A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter.His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does resea
4、rch on animals.The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.We are on the night shift - working from midnight to 8 a.m. - this week.,木匠,动物学家,牧人,夜班,Ex. 1 carpenter,zoologist,herdsman,night shift,二. Context,对比关系 同义、近义、反义关系 因果关系,e.g. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useles
5、s things, his wife, however, is very abstemious .,go on,e.g. Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.,1.对比关系,污秽的, 邋遢的,有节制的, 节约的,能体现对比关系的词汇很多，主要有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead,on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast with等。标点符号分号有时也可表示对比。,In the p
6、ast the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil.If you agree, write “ yes”; if you dissent, write “no”.Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate.Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen th
7、e money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theft.,混乱,无辜的,天生的,不同意,Ex. 2 turmoil,dissent,innate,innocent,2.同义、近义、反义关系,同义词替换的表达方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similar等。,反义词利用文章中所出现的、与某生词或词组意思相反的内容，猜测词义。信号词中有instead, but,not等,e.g. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an
8、 old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.,圆胖的, 丰满的,e.g. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.,取代,接替,撤换,go on,eg： American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.,文中be punctual的意思，可理解为“not
9、 come late”，即“准时，不迟到”。,e.g. Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious.,显然，similarly 是个语境线索，它暗示loquacious意为love to talk。,Ex. 3 symptoms,volatile,shivered,One of symptoms caused by this kind of illness is a high fever.Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it
10、in a bottle which has a tight lid.In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold.,症状,易挥发的,颤抖,3. 因果关系:信号词：如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result, so that, such that，therefore等表示前因后果,e.g. Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic
11、.,e.g. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.,弹性的,混浊的,Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference.Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade.
12、She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long.,复制品,精明的,修剪,Ex. 4 replica,shrewd,trim,1. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.,unconditional: nonju
13、dgmental:,无条件的，绝对的,没有判断力的,2.根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等,三. Word-formation,-er -or-ian-ist-ese -ess,后缀,构成可数名词,猜一猜: solution solve druggist drug electrician electric greatness great reminder remind,构词法,-ment -tion -ness -sion -ery -ing,后缀,构成抽象名词,dis-im-mis-un-non-,否定前缀,re- co-mini-over-pre-post-vice-en-tel
14、e-,其它前缀,重复,共同,平等,小,过度,-后,副的,使-可能,远程,-前,猜一猜:minicar postwar supermarket preview preschool recall irrelative nonstandard disloyal unlock co-worker overactive vice president,微型汽车 战后 超市 预习 学前 回忆,回想 无关系的 不标准的 不忠诚的 开锁 合作者 过分活跃 副总统,-al -ble -ern -ful -ish -ive -less -y -ly -ous,形容词后缀,en ize ify,动词后缀,e. g.
15、weaken realize satisfy,猜猜: strengthen simplify activate mountainous courageous changeable lifeless hilly peaceable fictional,e.g. We must safeguard the world peace.A protect B careC prevent D to keep safe with gunse.g. Dont listen to his nonsense.A having no meaning B meaninglesswords C humorous spe
16、ech D not making sense,A,B,维护, 保护, 捍卫,胡说, 废话,合成词,e.g. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.,e.g. I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.,四. Examples,家禽,慷慨的，大方的,eg: Metal e
17、xpands when heated and contracts when cooled.,eg: When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water.,五. Common sense,膨胀，扩大,收缩，缩小,波纹，细浪,1. In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring
18、 with themselves a large quantity of dowry. Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 3. When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anaesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to h
19、im.,Ex. 5 dowry, wither, anaesthetic,嫁妆,枯萎,麻药,因果,猜,构词法,How to guess the meaning of words?,定义,同/反义词,对比 转折,上下文,生活 常识,解释,Lets do some exercises to consolidate it.,Discussion,Exercises,小试身手,Alberts success after much effort and practice proves the value of persistence.2. All his attempts to unlock the d
20、oor was futile, because he was using the wrong key.3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors.,祝,功,成,你,!,A. time B. competition C. perseverance,A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的 C.有效的 D. 匆促的,A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级,4. She didnt hear what y
21、ou said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 5. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate.6. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway.,祝,功,成,你,!,小试身手,A. 心不在焉的 B.紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D.睡意浓的,A. pretty B. calm C.
22、 protective D. energetic,A. strong B. firm C. kind D. clever,7. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.8. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. 9. You can take any of the
23、 periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.,祝,功,成,你,!,小试身手,A. work B. study C. name D. interest,A. town B. capital C. country D. house,A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers,10. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no
24、water.11. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway.12. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.,祝,功,成,你,!,小试身手,A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dry,A. direct B. indirect C. straight,A.
25、 small B. large C. dull,Now lets try some examples in the passages.Here are some examples in the exams.Try to guess the meanings of the underlined words in the following passages.,Here is an example from one test paper,分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。青少年太早来到学校上课，就坐在桌旁打盹。而且我们知道“nod”有点头的意思。根据常识，打盹的时候会情不自禁地垂下头。,eg： A B
26、rown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Dont start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologi
27、cally these sleepyhead students arent used to the early hour. 49. The underlined phrase “nod off” most probably means “ _”. turn around B. agree with others C. fall asleep D. refuse to work,Here is another example from the test paper.,分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据上下文原则里的并列关系，我们通过一个and可以断定apprehensive跟nervous是同义
28、词。,eg：A heart-warming story tells of a woman who finally decided to ask her boss for a raise in salary. All day she felt nervous and apprehensive. Late in the afternoon she summoned the courage to approach her employer. To her delight, the boss agreed to a raise. 54. The underlined word in the secon
29、d paragraph most probably means_ A. worried B. eager C. certain D. afraid,Here is another example from the test paper.,分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我们通过下文对cuisine这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本意思为食物。,eg：Each region has a distinctive local flavor. Here, wed like to introduce the best of Chinese cuisine. Now, there might
30、 be Chinese restaurants almost everywhere in the world, but I couldnt think of a better place or time to show the charm of it than at the Beijing Olympics. 41. The underlined word in paragraph 1 most probably means_ A. cooker B. cook C. food D. tradition,Here is another example from the test paper.,
31、分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我们通过下文对leg这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本意思为这个bike tour的一部分，不要误选A。,A bike tour and race will be held on Aug 26 and 27. At 5:30 am, the riders will leave Tiananmen Square and ride the first 35 km as a training leg. Then the next 55 Km leg from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competition
32、. The underlined word “leg” probably means _.A. race B. practice C. part of the training D. part of the tour,Do more exercises.,eg： One of the predominant concerns today is the future of our natural resources. This issue is of greatest importance because it is becoming clear to many people that our
33、present resources will not last forever.,文中“predominant”的词义可猜测为具有与“of greatest importance”相近的意思。,eg： Pantomime refers to a short play in which no words are spoken,手势, 哑剧, 舞剧,eg： Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task. The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some
34、of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.,文中“enormous”的词义可猜测为与“large”的意思相近。,eg： Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.,根据文中“unlike.”的意思，可将gregarious理解为与文中“a shy person who does not like to go to parties, or to make new
35、friends.”相反的意思，即：表示“好交际的”。,eg： The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.,spectacles的词义，从下文“戴上spectacles后开始阅读”可以猜得其词义“眼镜”。,eg： Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles.,geometric forms的意思，可从文中所列举的三角形，正方形、圆形来猜得其意义为“几何图形”。,eg： They overesti
36、mate the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questions.,在overestimate词中over-是前缀，意为“过分”。因此overestimate的词义可以猜测为“过高估计”的意思。,eg： We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel. That was why we had to pay so much for it.,Spacious是由词根space(空间)+ious(形容词后缀)构成。由此我们可以猜得其大概意思为“有空间的
37、，宽敞的”。,小试身手,Alberts success after much effort and practice proves the value of persistence.A. time B. competition C. perseverance 2. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的 C.有效的 D. 匆促的 3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, h
38、e has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors.A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级,祝,功,成,你,!,4. She didnt hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. A. 心不在焉的 B.紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D.睡意浓的 5. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate.A. pre
39、tty B. calm C. protective D. energetic 6. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway.A. strong B. firm C. kind D. clever,祝,功,成,你,!,7. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.A. work B. study C
40、. name D. interest 8. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. A. town B. capital C. country D. house 9. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.A. dictionar
41、ies B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers,祝,功,成,你,!,10. The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dry 11. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway.A. direct B. indirect C. straight 12. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.A. small B. large C. dull,祝,功,成,你,!,
