1、1English-Chinese TranslationLecture Three：Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese【Teaching Aims】 1. To let Ss know about the general features and differences between Chinese and English2. To direct Ss into Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese: 10 pairs of features【Teaching Content
2、s】 1. Part 1 Synthetic vs. Analytic2. Part 2 Rigid vs. Supple3. Part 3 Concrete vs. Abstract4. Part 4 Impersonal vs. Personal5.Part 5 Hypotactic vs. Paratactic6.Part 6 Homework【Teaching Emphasis and Difficulty】Synthetic vs. Analytic, Hypotactic vs. Paratactic【Teaching steps】Part 1 Synthetic vs. Anal
3、ytic 综合语与分析语A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms(曲折变化形式，词尾变化的词语) to express grammatical relationships.运用形态变化来表达语法关系: affixation, tenses, numbers, degrees, voices. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxilia
4、ry verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.不用形态变化，而用词序及虚词变化来表达语法关系。 Reference reading：连淑能英汉对比研究 Part 2 Rigid vs. Supple 刚性与柔性English:rigid S-V concord （主谓协调一致）： five basic patterns: SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC.Chinese:Free and flexible structu
5、reE.g.文章翻译完了。 （受事主语）2The essay has been translated.全市到处在兴建新工厂。 （地点主语）New factories are being built all over the city.现在正下着毛毛细雨。 （时间主语） It is drizzling at the moment.累得我站不起来了。 （无主句）I am so exhausted that I cant stand up.The predicate of a Chinese sentence is so varied and complicated:天高云淡。 （形容词作谓语）Th
6、e sky is high and the clouds are pale.他出国留学去了。 （连动式谓语）He has gone abroad for further studies.我介绍他加入协会。 （兼语式谓语）I recommended him for membership of the association.这项合同经理要签名。 (主谓词组作谓语 )This contract should be signed by the manager.Part 3 Concrete vs. Abstract Chinese (Confucian Culture ) : Human being
7、s as the center, full of humanism concrete, specific wordsWesterners (Christian Culture ):Objects as the important part abstract diction and nominalization西方人的思维:更加注重客观思维中国人主观思维，强调人与自然的和谐。Concrete vs. Abstract1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，
8、令我特别神往。2. A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。Concrete vs. Abstract3. He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decision. (B.Barnhart, P55)在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。4. She wondered whether her
9、 outspokenness might be a liability to Franklin. (The Glory and the Dream)她怀疑自己那么心直口快，是否会成为弗兰克林的包袱5. When young he quitted his home and traveled to the metropolis, which he reached in a state of almost utter destitution.年青时代，他背井离乡，徒步来到首都，几乎身无分文Part 4 Impersonal vs. PersonalEnglish3Impersonal (subjec
10、t): Passive, sentences begin with introductory, abstract nouns as subjectsChinesePersonal：Active, personal (animate) subjects, subject-omittedImpersonal vs. Personal这些年来，我工资至少有三分之一是花在买书上的。These years, I have spent at least one third of my salary on (buying) books.These years, at least one third of m
11、y salary has been spent on books. These years, books have cost at least one third of my salary.These years, books have eaten into at least one third of my salary.Impersonal vs. Personal例：有了这些潜在的目标，外国投资者就可以有更多进入市场的选择译文：These new potential targets offer foreign investors greater market entry options.评
12、述：译文中的主语属于非生物词，是表达非常地道的英语句子。如果我们将原文直译成英语为：“With these new potential targets, foreign investors can have greater market entry options.”也没有什么错，不过在生动性方面稍逊一筹。Impersonal vs. Personal例 2：Even more difficulties attend (?) bringing a number of potential buyers forward simultaneously during negotiations.译文：在
13、协商过程中，把几个潜在的买主同时找来就更加困难了。评述：原文中的主语属于非生物词，是表达非常地道的英语句子。如果我们将原文直译为：“甚至有更多的困难在等着把几个潜在的买主同时找来。 ”就不是地道的汉语句子了，甚至让人产生理解上的困难。例 3：The idea of love never entered into the head of the old man, but his young daughter at present thought of nothing else.译文：老人的脑子里从没想过爱情，但他年轻的女儿此刻除了爱情就没想别的。评述：翻译这类句子时应将介词的宾语作主语，原文的主
14、语转译成宾语。如果我们将其直译成汉语为：“爱情的念头从来没有进入过老人的脑子里，但他年轻的女儿此刻除了爱情就没想旁的。 ”就不是地道的汉语句子了，而是典型的欧化汉语。Impersonal vs. Personal例 4：Right now it strikes me that it is a mission by no means easy to complete.译文：现在我深感到，这绝不是一个容易完成的任务。评述：翻译这类句子时应把原文的宾语译作主语，而把原文的主语译作宾语。如果我们将其直译成汉语为：“现在这绝不是一个容易完成的任务打击了我。 ”就不是地道的汉语句子了。Part 5 Hyp
15、otactic vs. ParatacticEnglish:Hypotaxis(形合): the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.借助语言形式手段即各种从属结构或从句之间的关系都要靠固定的连接词来实现连接Chinese:Parataxis（意合）: the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the 4relation between them 不借助语言形式手段
16、而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现连接形象的比喻： “一串葡萄” VS “一盘葡萄”Hypotactic vs. Paratactic1. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息： 在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。 这一切终于得到了澄清。 Hypotactic vs. Paratactic2. It was what
17、 sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. (W.Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼， 称之为
18、对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。Hypotactic vs. Paratactic3. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。(对偶 )Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.4. 不到黄河心不死。 （紧缩句）Until all is over, ambition never dies. 5. 不进则退。 （四字格）He who does not advance fall backward.Move forward, or youll fall behind. Part 6 Homework1.Pre-read Chapter 32.Finish exercises on P69(Drills 3.1-3.5 ) (prepare PPT)Assignments
