1、写作词类转换技巧,词类转换是指写作时在保持原文内容不变的前提下，改变原文中某些词的词类，以求作文通顺自然，合乎英语表达习惯。词类转换法是最基本的技巧之一。我们知道，英语和汉语的词汇之间没有完全对应的关系。汉语单词没有词形变化，而英语单词却有，同一个词根加上不同的词缀，可以变成动词、名词、形容词或副词等。写作时有时候就必须进行词性的转换。其次，汉语句子多用动词，而英语句子则多用其他词性的词，如名词、形容词、副词和介词词组等。另外，两种语言的表达习惯也不尽相同，比如，某个意思在英语中通常用某种词性的词表达的，在汉语中很可能用别的词性的词表达。这也要求在写作中灵活运用词类转换的技巧。最后，还有语体风
2、格的因素，有时候也要求我们在写作中进行词类的转换。如英语中在正式的语体中倾向于用抽象名词，所以有时候也需要进行词类的转换。所有这些都要求作者熟练掌握词类转换的技巧，以使作文通顺流畅，符合英语习惯。现将写作常见的词类转换现象介绍如下：,名词与动词的互相转换,由于英语句子动词用得比较少，一句句子通常只有一个谓语动词，而名词，尤其是抽象名词却用得比较多。与此相反，汉语中动词用得比较多，除了动宾结构外，还普遍使用连动式和兼语式等结构。因此，写作时常常需要把动词转换成名词。例如：,一打开开关，我们就可以看见一英里处正在发生的事情。At the turn of a switch, we can see w
3、hat are taking place a mile away.他踌躇了一会，终于决定还是自己送我去。But after much hesitation he finally decided to see me off himself.我自己也不明白，为什么会起这么浓浓的情绪？再一思索，实在很浅显的。Why the reminiscence should evoke such a strong emotion I do not understand. On reflection, however, the reason is really very simple.我初到越州，第一遭去访问的山
4、水是东湖。During my first visit to Yuezhou, the first place I went to was the East Lake.,英语副词与汉语动词之间的互相转换,次日早晨，谈话一结束，你就会去查查词典。So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up.男人们绕着斯珀尔家的房子转了一圈，试图找一条路进去，可似乎不大可能。Men ran round the Spurrs house looking for a way in, but it seemed impossible.他红着脸，紧
5、张不安地摆弄着领带，胆怯地眨着眼睛，面对大家沉默了一会儿。Blushing, fidgeting nervously with his tie, blinking timidly, he faced us silently for a minute.,这种帽子流行了去年一阵子。This hat was in for a while last year.三天后，病人又起床活动了。Three days later, patient was up and about again.收音机开着。The radio is on.她坐在那里沉默了一会儿，然后哭了起来。She sat silently for
6、 a while, then started weeping.,英语介词词组,英语介词词组与汉语动词之间的互相转换英语介词丰富，而汉语中的介词则很少，因此，有些动词需要转换成介词词组。例如：,没有植物，生命就无法延续。Without plants, life could not go on.机器靠电来运转。Machines work on electricity.她英语说得很棒，带着美国腔，却并不十分夸张。She spoke English well with an American accent, not, though, a very exaggerated one.中国经历了一系列艰苦的
7、变革和试验。China has been through a wrenching series of changes and experiments.我再向外看时，他已抱了朱红的橘子望回走。When next I looked out he was on his way back with some ruddy tangerines.,英语中有些副词往往不一定写为以-ly结尾的副词，而是转换成“介词名词”结构。例如：,他惊讶地望着我。He looked at me in amazement.国王立即派人去把他请来。他过来面见国王时，彬彬有礼地向国王致以问候。The king sent for
8、him immediately, and when he came into the kings presence hegreeted him with due courtesy.我决定把这个班分成三组轮流给他们上课。I decided to split the class into three groups and teach them in turn.汤姆关上车窗，一声不吭地背靠椅子坐着，心里充满着敌意。Tom closed the car window and sat back in his seat, in hostile silence.父亲不赞成地看着他。Father looked
9、 at him in disapproval.动身访美之前，一位旧时同窗写来封航空信，再三托付我为他带几颗生枣核。Before I set out for the US, a former schoolmate of mine wrote me by airmail, asking me in all earnest to bring him some raw date stone.,英语中许多形容词都有抽象名词的形式，如successfulsuccess，comfortcomfortable等，而绝大多数汉语形容词却没有名词形式，所以英语中的这类抽象名词常常可以与汉语中的形容词互换。例如：,
10、这件事不急。There is no immediate hurry.在上海召开的亚太经合组织会议非常成功。The APEC meeting in Shanghai was a great success.中国日益繁荣昌盛，全世界华人为此感到骄傲。The increasing prosperity of China has brought pride to all the Chinese people in the world.所谓回忆者，虽说可以使人欢欣，有时也不免使人寂寞，For although recalling the past may bring happiness, at time
11、s it cannot but bring loneliness,哪知老境如此颓唐！No one could have foreseen such a come-down in his old age.,副词与形容词的互相转换,他在拘留所里焦急地熬过了一天。He spent an anxious day in the lockup.那个窃贼颤抖着交待了自己干的坏事。The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoings.他结结巴巴地用英语同那个外国人交谈。He talked to the foreigner in hesitant En
12、glish.两国之间有着传统的友好关系。Traditionally, there have been very good relations between the two countries.我记起这件事来了，不无感激地笑笑，I remembered this not without some grateful laughter,英语写作之正话反说与反话正说,任何民族的思维都有肯定与否定之分，但各自表达肯定与否定的方式却不尽相同，英汉两个民族也不例外。比如，在表达否定意义时，汉语没有严格意义上的形态变化，表达形式较为简单，易于辨认，几乎所有表达否定意义的词语中都含有明显的否定标志词“不”、“
13、无”、“非”、“莫”、“勿”、“未”、“否”、“别”、“没有”等。英语则不同，其否定形式要复杂得多，除了使用否定词外，还有一些独特的表现手段，如大量使用否定词缀（如dis-；il-；in-；non-；un-；-less等）和形式肯定、意义否定的各类词语（如fail；deny；defy；miss；lack；ignore；but；except；beyond）、短语（如instead of；in place of等）或其他结构（如morethan；other than；rather than等）。另外，由于两种语言的差异和思维方式的不同，有时候英语用否定形式表达的意义，汉语只能用肯定的形式来表达；英
14、语用肯定表达的意义，汉语只能用否定的形式来表达。反之亦然。例如：,我们快到家了；马上就要到了。Were almost home; well be there in no time.“我们连五分钟也不能耽搁了。”“不，不，我们多待一会好了！”卡茜接嘴道。“We cannot remain five minutes longer.”“Yes, yes, we can!” replied Cathy.以前，我总觉得有位阿姨很好笑，她每次开车去一个地方都要带上一盒全麦饼干。I used to be amused by an aunt who never drove anywhere without a
15、 box of grahamcrackers.油漆未干。Wet paint.昨晚我没出去。I stayed at home last night.我一定努力学习，决不辜负父母的期望。I will work hard to live up to my parents expectation.我们讨论中国文化问题，不要忘记这些基本观点。These basic concepts must be kept in mind in our discussion of Chinas cultural problems.,正话反说,由于英汉两种语言和思维方式之间的种种差异，英语中由肯定形式表达的句子在汉语中找
16、不到与之对应的表达形式，因此，有时要转换成否定形式，才符合的表达习惯,的确，阅读远非知识的唯一来源。True, reading is far from the only source of knowledge.体力劳动者通常在任何场合都不会感到拘束。The manual worker is usually quite at ease in any company.你要我死，我更不能让你活。You want me, but I want you even more.“我爱你。”她说。“我也是。”我答道。尽量不用那句铿锵有力而又十分危险的话语。“I love you,” she said. “So
17、 do I,” I replied, shunning the use of that powerful and dangerous statement.我们刚到家就开始下雨了。We had no sooner got home than it began to rain.他可是非常勇敢的。He is no coward.,反话正说,白天里一定要做的事，一定要说的话，现在都可不理。All that one is obliged to do, or to say, in the daytime, can be very well cast aside now.上野的樱花烂漫的时候，望去却也像绯红
18、的轻云，）但花下也缺不了成群结队的“清国留学生”的速成班，but under the flowers you would always find groups of short-term “students from the Chinese Empire”,怀特教授说，他仍然希望自己是第一个完成首例人类头颅移植手术的人，但他同时也承认，自己毕竟已入暮年，未免力不从心。Prof. White said he still hoped to be the first to complete the first human head transplant, but conceded his age w
19、as working against him.,拆离法,拆离，是指为了使译文行文合乎译入语的表达习惯而将原文中个别的词、词组或句子分解开来,前事不忘，后事之师也。Do not forget previous experiences but take them as lessons for generations.一个王后是如何地尊贵呀，回如何地被人们像捧天上的星星一样的捧来捧去呀。How honorable and respectable a queen was and how she would be praised to the skies and worshiped like stars
20、!它那得意的神态，确实招人喜爱。Its proud and self-satisfied manner was really enchanting.,释义法,释义，顾名思义，就是解释词语的意义。求得深层对应，最终目的是为了使作文在风格上保持前后一致，上下一贯，可以避免该词在译文中所产生的突兀感和格格不入感。采用释义法要注意两点：（一）释义要准确，要有根有据，不能胡乱解释；（二）应保持行文简洁，不能搞得拖沓臃肿。,这个人是家庭中的害群之马。This man is the black sheep of the family.现在，英国已不再是个“日不落”的国家了，但是，英语却广泛流行使用着The
21、sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the English language.我们是一个萝卜一个坑，腾不出人手来。Were so busy that no one can be spared for any other work.基本路线要管一百年，动摇不得。We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years, with no vacillation.他们自己总结经验，由内向型转为外向型，就是说能够变成工业基地，并能够打进国际市场。The people in Shenzhen reviewed their experience and decided to shift the zones economy from a domestic orientation to an external orientation, which meant that Shenzhen would become an industrial base and offer its products on the world market.,
