1、Period 3Grammar & Writing,定语从句中关系副词与“介词关系代词”的用法一、关系副词when，where，why的使用引导定语从句的词，除关系代词外，还有关系副词when，where，why。(1)when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，其先行词一般为表示时间的名词。October 1st,1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。,注意：有时尽管先行词是表示时间的名词，但如果定语从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，此时应使用关系代词。试比较：I
2、will never forget the days that/which I spent in the countryside.I will never forget the days when I worked in the countryside.(2)where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，其先行词一般为表示地点的名词。Everyone wants to visit the place where Zhou Enlai once worked.大家都想参观周恩来曾经工作过的地方。Is there a shop around where we can get fruit?附近有没有我
3、们能买到水果的地方？,注意：where和when一样，在定语从句中只能充当状语；否则，必须换用关系代词。试比较：This is the factory where my father worked last year.This is the factory that/which my father visited last year.(3)why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，其先行词一般为reason。The reason why she told a lie is unknown.她为什么撒谎还不清楚。,We dont know the reason why they didnt att
4、end the meeting.我们不知道他们为什么没有参加会议。再比较：The reason that/which he gave us was hard to accept.The reason why he was late for school is that he missed the first bus.,二“介词关系代词”的用法1用法关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间；为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。This is the room in which we lived last yea
5、r.This is the room which we lived in last year.Whos the comrade whom you just shook hands with？Whos the comrade with whom you just shook hands?,2注意事项定语从句中“介词关系代词”结构中的关系代词是which(指物)，whom(指人)。掌握这个结构的关键在于对介词的正确选择，要注意以下几个问题：(1)介词与定语从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配。The person to whom I spoke just now is the manager that I
6、 told you about.The person whom I spoke to just now is the manager that I told you about.刚才跟我说话的那个人就是我和你谈起的那位经理。,(2)介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性搭配。The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.The two things which Marx was not sure about were the grammar an
7、d some of the idioms of English.马克思在语法和英语的某些习惯用语这两方面还是没有把握。,(3)介词和定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。The pen with which he was writing broke.The pen which he was writing with broke.他写字用的那支钢笔坏了。(4)表示“整体中的部分”或“所有关系”时，用介词of。He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows，most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.
8、他付了10美元给这个男孩清洗10个窗户，大部分窗户已至少一年没有擦了。He has three uncles，all of whom are doctors.他有三个叔叔，他们全都是大夫。,(5)“介词关系代词”结构中的关系代词不能用that，但当把介词放在从句有关动词后面时，关系代词可用that，也可省略。The man (that/whom) you were talking about has come to our school.你谈起的那个人来我们学校了。The room(that/which) she lives in is a large one.她住的是一个大房间。,(6)含有
9、介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面，因此不能使用“介词关系代词”结构。Is this the watch which he was looking for？(不能说：Is this the watch for which he was looking？)这是他正在找的那块手表吗？This is the baby(whom/that) my grandma takes care of.(不能说：This is the baby of whom my grandma takes care.)这就是我奶奶照看的婴儿。,三、关系副词与“介词关系代词”的转化定语从句修饰一个表示时间的名词时，
10、常用关系副词when来引导；定语从句在修饰表示地点的名词时，一般用关系副词where来引导；定语从句在修饰表示原因的名词时，一般用关系副词why来引导。关系副词when，where和why代替与其相应的先行词，并在从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。这三个关系副词在意义上相当于“介词关系代词”。句中的when，where，why根据需要可用“介词关系代词which”来替换，即：,whenat/in/duringwhich；wherein/atwhich；whyfor which(1)This was a time when(during which)there were still slaves
11、in the USA.那是一个美国还存在奴隶的时代。when代替前面对应的先行词atime，引导定语从句when there were still slaves in the USA，并在定语从句中充当时间状语。when在意义上相当于duringthetime，但我们不能用during the time来引导一个定语从句，需要把the time换成which，即during whichwhen。,(2)Is this the house where(in which) he was born?这就是他出生时的那所房子吗？where代替前面对应的先行词the house，引导定语从句where
12、he was born，修饰表示地点的名词house，同时where在定语从句中充当地点状语。where在意义上相当于in the house，但in the house不能引导一个定语从句，要把the house变成which，即in whichwhere。I wont forget the days when(in which)I stayed with you.我不会忘记跟你待在一起的日子。,The house where(in which)Lu Xun once lived has become a place of interest.鲁迅曾经住过的地方已成为名胜了。I dont kn
13、ow the reason why(for which)he said that.我不明白他说那事的原因。4关系副词和关系代词的判断方法关系副词和关系代词的选择是根据先行词在定语从句中作的成分。若是作状语，则用关系副词或“介词which”；若是作主语或宾语，则用关系代词。,5关系代词as引导的定语从句as用作关系代词，既可单独引出定语从句，又可与主句中的the same或such相呼应，从句中的谓语动词常省略。We do the same work as they(do)我们和他们干同样的活。I hope to buy such a dress as Mary is wearing.我想买一件
14、玛丽穿的那种衣服。,6as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别关系代词which和as都能引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代整个句子，但也有不同之处。(1)as引导的定语从句既可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。(2)as很多时候意为“正如”，从句的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，announce等，而which往往意为“这一点”。,As is known to all，Taiwan is part of China.众所周知，台湾是中国的一部分。He turned out to be very successf
15、ul，which was more than we could expect.他最后非常成功，这一点超出了我们的预料。,【感悟高考】1The days are gone _physical strength was all you needed to make a living.(2011天津，10)Awhen Bthat Cwhere Dwhich解析句意：体力是你赖以生存的唯一手段的日子一去不复返了。该题为分隔式定语从句，先行词是the days。且定语从句中不缺少句子成分，故用关系副词when。答案A,2Whatever is left over may be put into the
16、refrigerator, _it will keep for two or three weeks.(2011安徽，28)Awhen Bwhich Cwhere Dwhile解析句意：任何剩下的东西也许都可以放进冰箱，在那里可以保存两到三周的时间。该题为非限制性定语从句，且定语从句中不缺少句子成分，故用关系副词where。答案C,3I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, _we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.(2011陕西，11)Awhich Bwhere Cwho Dthat解析句意：
17、我和我的朋友们一直走到了山顶，在那里我们欣赏了湖的美景。关系副词where引导非限制性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词为the top of the hill。答案B,4A bank is the place _they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.(2011浙江，10)Awhen Bthat Cwhere Dthere解析句意：银行是晴天时给你雨伞，下雨时收回雨伞的地方。先行词是the place，因从句结构完整，不缺少句子成分，故用关系副词where
18、。答案C,5Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _life has developed gradually.(2010福建，24)Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhose解析定语从句的先行词是planet，表示地点，故用关系副词where。答案B,6The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _she would stay for an hour.(2010江
19、西，31)Awhere Bwho Cwhich Dwhat解析定语从句的先行词为training centre，从句she would stay for an hour不缺宾语或主语，故要填状语，表示地点用where。答案A,7Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?You should try the barbers _I go. Its only 15.(2010天津，8)Aas Bwhich Cwhere Dthat解析句中the barbers是先行词，从句中go是不及物动词，缺少地点状语，所以用where。答案C,8
20、I have reached a point in my life _I am supposed to make decisions of my own.(2009浙江高考)Awhich Bwhere Chow Dwhy解析在该题中，先行词是point，指地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故关系副词用where。答案B,完成下列含有定语从句的句子1This is the shop _which I met him for the first time.这就是我第一次见到他的那个商店。2I know the boy _whom you borrowed the English novel.我认识你
21、从他那儿借的这本英文小说的那个男孩。3This is the man _whom we often turn for help.This is the man (whom/who/that)we often _for help.这就是那个我们经常求助的人。4The book _which you asked is missing.The book (which/that) you_is missing.你要的那本书不见了。,5a.This is the book _I spent 5 yuan.The car _ I paid 1,000 is really a bargain.bI reme
22、mber the days _I lived there.This is the pool _I used to swim in summer.cThe colorless gas _we cannot live is called oxygen.I have found the hole _the mouse came into my room.答案1.in2.from3.to; turn to4.for；asked for5.a.on which；for whichbduring which；in whichcwithout which；through which,【写作分析】第一步：审题
23、谋篇以时间为序组织材料概括人物一生；突出人物重点活动，介绍人物思想精髓，详略得当。第二步：提炼要点1最伟大的作家之一one of the greatest writers in the world2之后的10年for the following 10 years3他的作品被译成多种文字。His masterpieces now have been translated into many languages.,【参考范文】Mark Twain is one of the greatest writers in the world.He was born in a small Missouri
24、town on the Mississippi River in 1835.His father died when he was only twelve years old.For the following 10 years，he worked in printing shops in many cities.Then he became a riverboat pilot.During this period，he started to write short articles in his spare time.It was at this time that he adopted t
25、he penname“Mark Twain”，,第三步：联句成篇,which means two marks.This was used on the riverboats at the time to tell how high the water was.In the following years，he wrote the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer which is one of his most famous works.His masterpieces now have been translated into many languages
26、.He is not only a great writer but also a famous humorist.,【写作模板】_，who is now _metres tall and _kg in weight, was born in _on _. Its said that he likes _most and his favourite color is _. The man he respects most is _ and the one he believes in most is himself.He _and became a member of _. _ years l
27、ater, he _(按时间顺序介绍经历。要用到later, two years later, in the same year等词汇。),一、常见同音异形(义)词(5),二、名师导学避开陷阱夺高分(4)不少情态动词有特殊用法，如can可表示“有时会”；shall可表示“命令、警告、威胁、强制、允诺”，也可表示“可以”，用于一、三人称来征求对方意见；should可表示“竟然”，也可位于句首表示“如果，万一”。如果考生不了解这些用法，可能首先就会将正确选项排除在外。,【例1】 Ill certainly be surprised if he _to tell them what he knows.Adare Bwill dare Cdared Ddares解析该句中的dare是实义动词而非情态动词，因此有人称和数的变化。学生常误选为A。答案D,【例2】 Peter _be really difficult at times even though hes a nice person in general.Ashall Bshould Ccan Dmust解析at times暗示该空表示“有时会”，因此应填can。但不少考生不了解can有此用法，造成误选。答案C,
