1、Period 3Grammar & Writing,(一)定义在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。As a general rule, the most successful man in life is the man who has the best information.一般说来，生活中最成功的人是获得最佳信息的人。,(二)分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系是否密切，它可被分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这个从句，不影响主句意思的完整
2、，主句和从句之间一般用逗号分开。Were going to do something thats never been done before.我们要做以前从未做过的事。(限制性定语从句)I have lost the pen, which I like very much.我丢了那支钢笔，我非常喜欢它。(非限制性定语从句),(三)关系代词1引导限制性定语从句的关系代词,The doctor whom/that you are looking for is in the room.你正找的那位医生在房间里。(指人，作宾语)A man who/that is perfectly pleased
3、with the present state of things is a failure.完全满足于现状的人是个失败者。(指人，作主语)Do you know the man whose name is Wang Bing?你知道那个叫王兵的人吗？(指人，作定语)The building which/that stands near the river is our school.河边矗立的那座建筑物是我们的学校。(指物，作主语),Is this the book which/that she was looking for?这是她正在找的那本书吗？(指物，作宾语)The building
4、whose windows face south was built last year.那栋窗户朝南的楼房是去年建的。(指物，作定语)注意：whom, which作介词的宾语时，介词一般可放在whom/which之前，也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。The room in which there is a machine is the workshop.有机器的那间房是车间。This is the person whom you are looking for.这是你正在找的那个人。,2引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,I have two sis
5、ters, who are both students.我有两个姐姐，她们都是学生。(指人，作主语)She is a lovely girl, whom we all like.她是一个我们都喜欢的可爱的女孩。(指人，作宾语)His new house, which is situated at the foot of the hill, is very big.他的新房子坐落在山脚下，很大。(指物，作主语),【归纳拓展】(1)引导非限制性定语从句时，绝对不能用that。(2)as与which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别：as有“正如，正像”之意，which没有。as引导的非限制性定语从句可以
6、放在主句前、中、后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.众所周知，他是我们班里最好的学生。He passed the final exam, which made us happy.他通过了期末考试，这让我们很高兴。,(3)as可在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和状语，构成the same.as，such.as等结构。I want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要一本像他那样的字典。(4)由as构成的常用插入语有：as is
7、 said above综上所述；as already mentioned above正如已经阐述到的；as was expected正如预料的那样；as we all know众所周知；as is reported in the newspaper正如报纸所报道的那样；as we can see正如我们所看到的；as is natural.是自然而然的；as is often the case.总是这样的。,3指物时只用that不用which的情况当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing, all, none等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, al
8、l, few等代词修饰时，关系代词一般用that。当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。当先行词被序数词修饰时，关系代词一般用that。当先行词表示“正是的”，由the very, the only修饰时，关系代词一般用that。当先行词为人与动物或人与物时，关系代词一般用that。当先行词前面有who，which等疑问代词时，关系代词一般用that。,4指物时只用which不用that的情况引导非限制性定语从句时，只有which。当关系代词前使用介词时，只用which。先行词本身是that，或一个句子同时有两个定语从句，其中一个是由that引导时，另一个用which，以免重复。,【感悟高考】1The
9、 prize will go to the writer _story shows the most imagination.(2011新课标，31)Athat Bwhich Cwhose Dwhat解析句意：奖品将发给故事最能展示其想像力的作者。whose引导定语从句，且在从句中作定语，修饰story; whose story相当于the story of whom。答案C,2The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other.(2011山东，32)Athey Bwhere Cwhat
10、 Dthat解析句意：这座老城镇拥有狭窄的街道和坐落在一起的矮小的房子。先行词为small houses, that代替先行词，引导定语从句且在定语从句中作主语。答案D,3Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _of course, made all the others upset.(2011北京，26)Awho Bwhich Cwhat Dthat解析句意：玛丽对杰克要比对其他人好，这当然令其他人不快。本题为非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个主句的意思，故B项正确。答案B,4Julie was good at Ge
11、rman, French and Russian, all of _she spoke fluently.(2011湖南，25)Awho Bwhom Cwhich Dthat解析句意：朱莉擅长德语、法语和俄语，并且说得都很流利。此处由“代词of关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，which指代先行词German, French and Russian。答案C,5The old temple _roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.(2010陕西，11)Awhere Bwhich Cits Dwhose解析所填词引导定语从句，先行词是The
12、old temple，关系词在从句中作roof的定语，故选D。答案D,6I refuse to accept the blame for something _was someone elses fault.(2010全国，16)Awho Bthat Cas Dwhat解析不定代词something作主语，用that引导定语从句。答案B,7Children who are not active or _diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.(2010北京，27)Awhat Bwhose Cwhich Dthat解析句意：不爱运动或者饮食中热量
13、高的孩子会很快发胖。whose谁的，符合题意。答案B,8The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _left their village homes for a better life in the city.(2010浙江，3)Awhom Bwhich Cthem Dthose解析由many of之前的逗号可知，故排除C、D两项。由于先行词表示人，故用whom。句意为“这个定居点里居住着将近1 000人，他们中的许多人都背井离乡去城市里追求更好的生活”。答案A,【翻译句子】1昨天我买了一本和你有的词典一样的词典。_答案I b
14、ought the same dictionary as you have yesterday.2上周他买了一所房子，窗户是由木头做成的。_答案He bought a house last week whose window is made of wood.3我将永远记住史密斯先生上的第一节课。_答案I will always remember the first lesson that was given by Mr. Smith.,4那些给我们带来快乐的人应该受到我们的关爱。_答案Those people who bring us happiness should be loved.5他改
15、变了主意，这使我很生气。_答案He changed his mind, which made me very angry.,【写作分析】第一步：审题谋篇本文为一篇通讯，是对禁烟政策的报道。首先要明确禁烟政策的内容及实施的时间和范围；实施这一政策的目的及具体措施；并用具体的数据来表明这一政策实施的重要性及必要性。根据政策要实施的时间可以看出，本文的时态应以现在时态为主。写作时，注意要行文连贯，要点齐全，用词恰当。,第二步：提炼要点1从2011年1月1日起，我们国家将在公共场所实施禁烟政策。实施政策_禁止吸烟 _2主要目的是通过张贴禁烟的标志来确保每个公共场所无烟。主要目的 _确保 _通过张贴 _
16、,3大约5.4亿的非烟民受二手烟的影响。受影响 _非烟民 _4每年，多于10万人死于二手烟。因为 _死于二手烟 _答案1.carry out the policyban smoking2.the main aimmake sureby posting3.be influenced by.nonsmokers4.because ofdie of the secondhand smoke,第三步：连句成篇【参考范文】To ban smoking in public buildings, our country will begin to carry out a policy all over th
17、e country since January 1st, 2011. The main purpose of the policy is to make sure that every public room has no smoke. The signs of preventing smoking will be posted to help it. There are about 350 million people who have smoked recently. Among those people the male hold 75 percent and the female ho
18、ld 25 percent. Because of these smokers, about 540 million nonsmokers are influenced. More than 100 thousand people die per year because of the secondhand smoke. So it is necessary to help smokers give up smoking in order to keep healthy.,【写作模板】(1)主题突出。通常有比较固定的写作格式，如文首通常有报道的地点或时间，第一句话常常是文章的导语，是对整篇文章
19、的高度概括。通过这句话我们可以了解文章的大致内容和主题。(2)标题醒目。好的标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，引起阅读兴趣。(3)正文简洁生动。避免使用被动语态，抓住一些显著的细节进行深入描写，语法要正确，准确选取动词及时态等。(4)格式通常采用经典的“倒金字塔”格式，由三个部分构成，即标题(title)、导语(leadin)和正文(body)。,一、常见同音异形(义)词(4),二、名师导学避开陷阱夺高分(3)定语从句通常直接由关系代词或关系副词引导，但当定语从句与先行词有所属关系时也有创新句型：特定词汇of whom/which引导定语从句，不少考生因不了解这一句型造成误选。,【
20、例1】 The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _are beyond our control.Amost of them Bmost of whichCmost of what Dmost of that解析定语从句与先行词可连成most of a number of factors are beyond our control，因此，该空应用most of which引导定语从句，但不少考生因不了解这一句型而误选A。答案B,【例2】 The man pulled out a gold watch, _were made of small diamonds.Athe hands of whom Bwhom the hands ofCwhich the hands of Dthe hands of which解析定语从句与先行词可连成the hands of the gold watch were made of small diamonds，因此，该空应填the hands of which来引导定语从句，但不少考生因不了解这一句型而造成误选。答案D,
