1、第四学时Grammar,主谓一致主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即语法形式一致，概念一致(语言内容上一致)，毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致)。1语法形式一致：按主语的语法形式(单复数)确定谓语的形式。(1)单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用 and 或both .and 连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。,例如： The performance was very funny.Serving the people is my great happiness.Wheth
2、er well go depends on the weather.Many natural materials are becoming scarce.Both you and I are students. What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.例如：What we have to learn are the of language that produce inversion.注：修饰语对主语的数不起影响。例如：The performance of the first three clown
3、s was very funny.,(2)由as well as，with，along with，like，together with，rather than，except，but，including，accompanied by，plus，besides，in addition to，no less than 等引导的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如：My mother，as well as my father，has a key to the office.The man together with h
4、is wife and children sits there watching TV.His sister no less than you is wrong.The reading course book，plus its reference books，is helpful to college students.,(3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，但谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either，neither，each，one，the other，another，somebody，someone，something，anyone，anyth
5、ing，anybody，everyone，everything，everybody，no one，nothing，nobody等。例如：Neither likes the friends of the other.两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。Everything around us is matter.我们周围的所有东西都是物质。,(4)在neither of与either of的结构里，一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式，一般用单数形式。例如：Neither of them was in good health，but both worked very hard.Has eith
6、er of them been seen recently?(5)当and连接的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如：The bread and butter is served for breakfast.早饭供应黄油面包。The bread and the butter are on sale.正在出售黄油和面包。,(6)当one of，a portion of，a series of，a species of，a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：One of tho
7、se students has passed the examination.A series of prerecorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.(7)plenty of，half of，a lot of，lots of，heaps of，loads of，scads of(大量，许多)等可数或不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。,例如：Half of the buildings have been painted completely.There is plen
8、ty of water in the pail.There are plenty of eggs in the box.There is loads of milk on the farm.There are loads of big red apples on the ground.(8)由all of，most of，a lot of，some of，none of，plenty of，the rest，the majority of 等名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式应与名词的单复数一致。,例如：None of this meat is fit to eat.All of the re
9、search work was designed by the chief engineer.All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term.The majority of the damage is easy to repair.The majority of criminals are nonviolent.(9)由more than one (或more than one单数名词)，many a单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：More than one studen
10、t has passed the examination. Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.,注：如果more than后面是复数名词，则谓语动词要用复数。例如：More than two hundred students have attended the lecture.(10)quantity of不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；quantities of可数或不可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Great quantities of milk are needed in this city.There is a large q
11、uantity of milk.(11)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数of名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。,例如：Over threequarters of the swam plan has been reclaimed.Twothirds of the people present are against the plan.(12)定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如：He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.“Keep cool” is the first
12、of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.注：当one之前有the only等限定词修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。例如：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.,2概念一致(语言内容上一致)(1)有些集体名词如crowd，family，team，orchestra(管弦乐队)，group，government，committee，class，school，union，firm，staff，public等，它
13、们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如：His family is going to move.他家是个大家庭。His family are very well.他的家人都很健康。The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park.,注：如这类词后跟有定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则，强调具体成员时，谓语动词用复数，关系代词用who；强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，关系代词用which。例如：The governm
14、ent who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.负责此事的政府部门试图找到解决办法。The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.,(2)有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people，police，militia，cattle，poultry(家禽)等。例如：Cattle were allowed to graze on the village
15、 common.牛可以在村里的公共地上吃草。The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.警察正在搜捕一个留着胡须、肤色偏黑的高个男人。,(3)有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news，means，works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics，physics，mechanics，politics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：Politics is a complicated business.Here is the news.(4)用and连接的单数主语，前面有each，ever
16、y，many a，no等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如：Each pen and each paper is found in its place.Every boy and every girl is treated in the same way.Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.The old workers and the young each have their own tools.,(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：Tw
17、enty miles is a long way to walk.(6)国家、单位和书报的名称作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：War and Peace is the longest book Ive read.战争与和平是我读过的篇幅最长的一本书。General Motors has recently closed down a plant.通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。,3毗邻一致(就近原则)(1)由连词or，neither.or，either.or，not only.also，nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如：He or y
18、ou have taken my pen.Either you or he is not telling the truth.Not only the switches but also the old wire has been changed.(2)在there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如：There is a desk and four benches in the office.There are two chairs and a desk in the office.,例题剖析A集合名词作主语，谓语的数如何确定？1His family _ a sma
19、ll one.His family _ fat and short.Ais，is Bare，areCis，are Dare，is 解析：此题应选C。family是一个集体名词，具有单数(侧重指整体)和复数(侧重指个体)两种可能。类似这种用法的词主要的有：team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会，委员们)，audience(听众)等。,但是并不是所有的集体名词都具有以上两种用法：1有的集体名词总是用作单数(不可数)：clothing 衣服，poetry 诗歌，baggage/lugga
20、ge 行李，furniture家具，machinery 机械，scenery 景色，jewellery珠宝，等等。 2有的集体名词总是表示复数意义(但不用复数形式)：people人，police警察，cattle牲口，等等。,B谓语应该跟主语一致还是跟表语一致？We Chinese _ a hardworking people.Ais BareCis being Dare being解析：此题应选B。这里应注意的是：我们通常说的是主谓一致(即谓语与主语保持一致)，而不是表谓一致(即不是谓语与表语一致)，本题意为：我们中国人是一个勤劳的民族。但是有些主语由于本身具有单数和复数两种可能，它的谓语到
21、底用单数还是复数，要看具体的语境(多数情况是看其后面词语的单复数)，例如：,Who is your brother？谁是你的兄弟？Who are your brothers？哪些是你的兄弟？What he said is quite correct.他所说的完全正确。 What he left me are only a few old books.他给我留下的只是几本旧书。,C并列主语中谓语应与哪个保持一致 ?1You or he _ to blame. 你或他有一人要受责备。_ you or he to blame? 受责备的是你还是他？ Ais，Is Bare，AreCis，Are Da
22、re，Is解析：此题应选C。在通常情况下，两个并列主语由or，either.or，neither.nor，not.but，not only.but(also)等连接时，其谓语通常与第二个主语(即临近的一个主语)保持一致，但是，在疑问句中则通常与第一个主语(即临近的一个主语)保持一致。 答案：C,一、单项填空,1.（2012年重庆卷）Food supplies in the floodstricken areaWe must act immediately before theres none left.（ ） A.have run out B.are running out C.have be
23、en run out D.are being run out,B,解析：题干的意思是：“洪灾区的食物供应将要用光了，我们必须在用完之前立即采取行动。”由句中before theres none left 可知食物还没有用完，只是将要用完，故可排除表示“已用完”的A项，而食物耗尽不用被动形式，故排除C、D两项，只有B项are running out 表示“即将耗尽”。,2.Mr Smith, together with his children,_ arrived.（ ） A.Are B.has C.is D.have,B,3.The old_well looked after by the g
24、overnment in China.A.is B.are C.has been D.was,B,4.More than one person _made this suggestion.A.are B.hasC.is D.have,解析：主语是“more than one名词”时，谓语用单数，主语是“more than two/three.名词”时，谓语用复数。答案：B,5The cattle _ grazing on the grass. ( )Awere Bwas CbeDis,A,6The students each _ a dictionary now.Ahas Bhave Chas
25、 got Dhad got,解析：主语是 the students，each是主语的同位语，谓语用复数。答案：B,7Every desk and every chair _ made of wood.( )Ais Bare Cwas Dwere8Not only the teacher but also all his students _ football very much. ( )Alike Blikes Cis fond Dplays,A,A,9Two hours _not long enough for this test.( )Ais Bare Chas Dhave10Your t
26、rousers_dirty ,you must have washed. ( )Ais ;it BAre;it Care;them Dis;them,A,C,二、用所给动词的适当形式完成下列句子1Every possible means _(use) to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not clear.2All the employees except the manager _ (encourage) to work online at home.3Nowadays，a large number of women，espec
27、ially those from the countryside，_(work) in the clothing industry.4When and where to go for the onsalary holiday _ (not decide) yet.5Two fifths of the land in that district _ (cover) with trees and grass.,is covered,has been used,are encouraged,work,has bot been decided,三、语法填空It 1_ before dawn.All 2
28、_ sound asleep when the coach stopped and the news 3_(announce) that the coach together with the 30 passengers 4_ (trap) in the ice. People were in a panic and more than one began to cry. The coach driver was the only one of the people who 5_ still calm and called for help.Help soon came，but it was
29、hard to get the trapped coach because most of the road 6_ (cover) with thick ice. Several hours passed and every possible means 7_ (try)，but without success. What the people in the coach could do 8_ wait. Finally，the police 9_ (send) to help. It was not until then that the trapped 10 _ (rescue),1was 2.were 3.was announced 4.was trapped5.was 6was covered 7.was tried 8.was9.were sent 10were rescued,感谢您的使用，退出请按ESC键,本小节结束,
