1、第四学时Grammar,Cultural relics,限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别一、意义上限制性定语从句与主句的意义关系紧凑，对先行词起限制或修饰的作用。缺少了定语从句会影响句子语义的完整，甚至引起误解。非限制性定语从句与主句的意义关系相对松散，常用于补充主句的内容和信息，去掉从句后不影响句子语义的完整。二、功能上限制性定语从句一般修饰先行词。非限制性定语从句可修饰先行词或整个主句。先行词为专有名词时无需进行限制，一般用非限制性定语从句。,三、结构上1限制性定语从句没有停顿，主、从句之间不用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句主、从句之间多用逗号分开。2限制性定语从句的关系词若为从句的宾语，经常可
2、以省略，但非限制性定语从句的关系词很少能省略。3that不能引导非限制性定语从句。,对比：(1)Professor Wang has a son，who works in Beijing.王教授有一个儿子，在北京工作。(从句为非限制性定语从句，隐含意义为：王教授只有一个儿子。)(2)Professor Wang has a son who works in Beijing.王教授有个在北京工作的儿子。(从句为限制性定语从句，隐含意义为：王教授也许还有在别处工作的儿子。),(3)Tom doesnt like to ask questions which /that make his paren
3、ts angry.汤姆不喜欢问让父母生气的问题。(从句为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词questions。)(4)Tom doesnt like to ask questions，which makes his parents angry.汤姆不喜欢提问题，这让他的父母生气。(从句为非限制性定语从句，补充说明主句的情况，关系代词只能用which，不能用that。), 典例剖析定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。下面结合考例谈谈学习运用非限制性定语从句时应注意的几个问题： 一、that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。如：,Lucy heard the terrible noise，_br
4、ought her heart into her mouth.AitBwhichCthisDthat 解析：后半句为非限制性定语从句，尽管先行词noise属于事物，也不能用that而要用which来引导。which指代noise，在从句中作主语。 答案：B,二、除which外，还可用when，where，whose，whom等引导非限制性定语从句，且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如： Next month，when youll spend your summer holidays in your hometown，is approaching.下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡
5、度暑假。(关系副词when指代表示时间的名词next month，并作从句的状语。)She is going to live in Macao，where she has some close friends.她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。 (关系副词where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语。),Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，_was very reasonable.Awhich price Bthe price of whichCits price Dthe price of whose解析：whose在从句中作表
6、示所属关系的定语，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物时，常可转换为of which；指人时常可转换为of whom。答案：B,In the office I never seem to have time until after 530 pm，_many people have gone home.Awhose time BthatCon which Dby which time解析：先行词530 pm与time之间是一种同位关系，可用which来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态，常与by短语连用。故选D。答案：D,三、在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如： He was eager to
7、go to the hospital to see his stepmother，whom he loved as his own mother.他迫切地想到医院去看望他的继母，他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。四、非限制性定语从句的关系代词which，既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。如：,Carol said the work would be done by October，_personally I doubt very much.Ait BthatCwhen Dwhich解析：表示时间的名词October，用“我个人非常怀疑”来修饰，意思不通。应该修饰整个主句， 表示对
8、“Carol说在十月前能做好这项工作”怀疑。故选D。 答案：D,五、引导非限制性定语从句时as和which的差异：从句置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时，两者都可以使用。 如： _is known to everybody，the moon travels around the earth once every month.AIt BAsCThat DWhat 解析：逗号表明句子的前半部分为非限制性定语从句。答案：B,一、用适当的关系代词填空。1Some of the roads were flooded，_ made our journey more difficult
9、.2He has smoothly entered a key middle school，_ makes his parents very happy.3Mr. King，_ legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to hospital.4He said he had no bike，_ was not true.,1which2.which3.whose4.which,5We shall make a decision about Ms King，_ story I have just told you.6He made the same mista
10、kes again，_made his parents very angry.7Yesterday I bought a dictionary，_ cost me more than 100 yuan.8Mr.Smith，_ gave a talk several months ago，will come again.9My uncle has come back from abroad，_ I havent met for a long time.,5whose6.which7.which8.who9.whom,1.（2012年山东卷）Maria has written two novels
11、, both of_have been made into television series. A.Them B.that C.Which D.what,二、单项选择,解析：题干的意思是：“玛丽娅已写了两部小说，它们都已被拍成了电视剧。”分析题干结构可以看出：Maria has written two novels是一个完整的含“主谓宾”的句子。如果后半句也是个完整的句子的话，那么题干中的两个分句中间缺少连接词and，故A项不正确。由此不难看出空格处应用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，which代替先行词two novels。that作关系代词不能放于介词之后；what不能引导定语从
12、句。分清句子结构是解答本题的关键。 答案：C,2.The story turned out to be untrue,_surprised us very much.( ) A.This B.that C.What D.which,D,3Issac Newton，_schooling was unsuccessful，became a very famous inventor.Awho BwhoseCwhom Dwhich4We are talking about a problem_ the importance has been realized.Aof which BwhichCthat
13、 Dwhose,解析：whose在从句中作 schooling的定语。答案：B,解析：the importance of which(the problem)表示“问题的重要性”。答案：A,5He will have to wait until next month，_ everything has been ready. ( )Awhich BwhereCwhen Dby what6Hes got himself into a dangerous situation_ he was likely to lose his life. ( )Aat which BwhyCwhere Dwhile
14、,C,C,7The shop assistant was very rude to the customer，_of course，made the latter very angry. ( )Awho BwhomCwhich Dwhat8Ill never forget the day_ we spent in the mountainous village.Athat BwhenCon which Dwhile,C,解析：先行词虽然是表示时间的 day，由于从句的动词是spend，关系词就该用that/which作从句的宾语。 答案：A,9Ill never forget the day_
15、 we traveled in snowy mountains.Athat BwhenCon which Dwhile10The ruler_ he drew the lines was stolen. ( )Awith which Bby whichCto whom Dthat,解析：先行词是表示时间的day, 从句的动词 travel是不及物动词，关系词用when作从句的状语。 答案：B,A,三、完成下列句子1_(众所周知)，the moon travels around the earth.2John was admitted to Oxford University，_(这令他的父母十
16、分自豪)3Beijing，_(中国的首都)，hosted the 2008 Olympic Games.4On my birthday Mum gave me a book，_(这是我期盼已久的书)5When he was a little child，his family moved to a quiet town by the sea，_(他后来发现这是个对他的发展很好的地方),1As is known to all2In a peaceful way3which is the capital city of China/the capital city of China4to which
17、 Ive been looking forward5which he later found a good place for his development,四、语法填空Most countries have one building or structure of great importance，_1_best represents (代表) that country. There is Angkor Wat in Cambodia，the Eiffel Tower in France and the Forbidden City in China. The monument_2_ ma
18、y be seen as representing America best is the Statue of Liberty._3_，there is another giant structure_4_ is as important. That is the group of faces carved into Mount Rushmore.In 1923，the historian Duane Robinson first had the idea to create a monument to American history. He found a sculptor_5_would
19、 take on the job，Gutzon Borglum. The two men decided to make a memorial for great American presidents. Borglum chose four presidents from the past_6_he wanted to carveGeorge Washington，Thomas Jefforson，Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt.,Work began in 1927，_7_Borglum was already 60 years old. He died_8_this great work was completed and it was his son_9_carried on and finally finished it. However，there is no doubt_10_Borglum would have been proud of his work.,1which2.that/which3.However4that/which5.who/that6.whom/who/that7when8.before9.that/who10.that,祝,您,学业有成,
