1、Detailed Study of the Text,1. Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure.idyllic: a simple happy period of life, often in the country田园诗的、快乐的、美丽的an idyllic setting, holiday, marriage,cr
2、uise: n. a sea voyage for pleasure 巡航、巡游v. sail or travel about as for pleasure He was on a world cruise. They spent the summer cruising in the Greek islands. The taxi cruised off down the Changan Avenue. cruise missile 巡航导弹 cruiser: a large fast warship 巡洋舰,2. Eternal，endless: hyperbole； parallelis
3、m （structure）summer : because all the adventures of Tom Sawyer described in the book are supposed to have taken place in one particular summer.paraphrase: Mark Twain is famous to most Americans as the creator of Hack Fine and Tom Sawyer. Huck Finns simple and pleasant journey through his boyhood whi
4、ch seems infinite whereas Toms independent mind and his exciting and dangerous activities made the summer seem everlasting.,4. In-deed, this nations best-loved author was every bit as adventurous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as :a) adventurous（爱冒险的）: Mark Twain was adventurous in every sense o
5、f the word. He was always trying new things, and always going to new places. Even in his literary career, he was never satisfied with what he achieved. b) patriotic（爱国的）: It refers to Mark Twains profound love for his country with its robust people and beautiful scenery and its lofty ideals. It may
6、also refer to his pride in the American tradition and the American language.,c) romantic（浪漫的）: (in art, literature and music) marked by feeling rather by intellect; preferring greatness, passion, informal beauty, to order and proportion. d) humorous（幽默的）: His works are so full of humor that he is co
7、nsidered as Americas greatest humorist.every bit: altogether, entirely 完全，从头到尾 Every bit asas My brother is every bit as lazy as me. Shanghai is every bit as prosperous as Hong Kong. 汤姆的聪明丝毫不亚于班上第一名的同学 Tom was every bit as bright as the top student in his class.,5. I found another Twain as well one
8、who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. Structure cynical 愤世嫉俗的 cynic: n. a person who believes that people do not do things for good, sincere or
9、 noble reasons, but only for their own advantage 愤世嫉俗者 a cynical remark, attitude, smile Theyve grown rather cynical about democracy, ie no longer believe that it is an honest system.,6. obsess: to worry continuously and unnecessarily，attract 困扰、迷住、缠绕She is obsessed by the desire to become a great a
10、ctress. 对贫困的担心使她忧心忡忡。 He was obsessed with fear of poverty. 7. frailty: a weakness of character or behaviour 弱点One of the frailties of human nature is laziness.That chair looks too frail to take a mans weight.There is only a frail chance that he will pass the examination. 8. Black wall of night: met
11、aphorn+of+n: 像像黑墙一样的夜晚,9. tramp: a person who has no home or permanent job and very little money 流浪者 10. prospector: one who explores and searches for valuable ores such as gold, silver, oil, etc. 勘探者 11. starry-eyed: full of unreasonable or silly hopes 过分乐观的 We were all starry-eyed about visiting L
12、ondon.,12. acid-tongued: sharp, sarcastic in speech 尖刻的 13. digest: think about, understand , and remember 消化、吸收体验 The report contains too much to digest at one reading. He reads rapidly but does not digest very much.,14. the new American experience:Twain lived in the stirring（动荡的）years in American
13、history - the American-Mexican War, The Civil War, the Gold Rush, the western expansion, the American Spanish War, the rapid development of capitalism and later the emergence of imperialism along with the first economic depressions, etc.,15. adopt: to take and use as ones own 采取、收养 The US government
14、 decided to adopt a hard line towards terrorism. Having no children of their own they decided to adopt an orphan / dog. adopt a name, a custom, an idea, a style of dress,adept: skilled; (in sth); (at/in doing sth) 擅长于 Hes an adept in carpentry. （木工手艺） adapt: make sth suitable for a new use, situatio
15、n, etc.适应、改编 This novel has been adapted for TV from the Russian original. Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.,16. Signal n. & v. 标志、用信号通知、发信号 a signal made with a red flag She flashed the torch as a signal. （信号） They signaled their discontent by refusing to vote. This is an event signaling a chang
16、e in public opinion. （发信号navigable 可航行的、可驾驶的 attest 证明、作证,P3core: center 中心artery:动脉；干道；主流 commerce：trade, business 贸易、商务lumber: 木材drain：喝干，耗尽，排水 17. the climax of western expansion:When America became independent, there were only 13 states along the Atlantic Ocean. By 1850, the U.S. had expanded to
17、 the Pacific coast.,18. drained three-quarters of the settled U.S. : Drain: receive the waters of this area and carry them to the ocean 排水Here the meaning is that the river drained a vast basin（盆地）, and the basin made up of the populated area of the U.S. of that time. 辽阔的密西西比河流域占当时已经居住领土面积的四分之三。,P4,
18、a cub pilot: an inexperienced pilot. 见习航海员cosmos: universe 宇宙participate in: join inpilothouse: 操舵室feud: bitter quarrel between persons, families or countries over a long period of time 不和、争执 be at feud with 与不和piracy: robbery of ships on the high sea or inland waterways 盗窃lynching: 处以私刑medicine sho
19、w: （19世纪末流行于美国，旨在兜售成药、秘方、万能药的）药品宣传巡回展出savage slums: slums that are crude, lack polish or are violently lawless 贫民区phonographic: 留声机,19. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied a cosmos. alliteration: k,k,kIn his new profession as pilot, he could meet all kinds
20、 of people. 20. Savage waterside slum河边野蛮贫民窟,P5. 20. Steamboat decks teemed not only with teem with: be full of, have in great numbers, etc. 富于、充满1) His head teems with clever ideas.2) Fish teems in this river.3) The marshes （沼泽）teem with mosquitoes in summer. 4) 被污染前，洞庭湖盛产鱼虾。Before being polluted,
21、Dongting Lake teemed with fish and shrimps. Steamboat decks were filled with people of pioneering spirit or people who explored and prepared the way for others, and also lawless people or social outcasts（放逐者） such as hustlers（妓女）, gamblers（赌徒） and thugs（恶棍） (violent criminals).,21. perception: natur
22、al understanding 洞察力，知觉extra sensory perception第六感 Just as a good artist must have good perception of colour, a good musician must have good perception of sound.perceive: realize, notice, see or hear sth. esp. when it is not obvious to other people 察觉，认知,22. the difference between what people claim
23、to be and what they really are:This is a good example of antithesis.That is the difference between words and deeds, or between what they preach and what they practice. People often claim to be kind, generous, honest, etc., whereas in reality, they are seldom what they say they are.translation: 从他们身上
24、，马克吐温洞察了人类的本性，同时也认识了人们的言行不一。,23. trade: job, esp. one needing special skill with the hands 行业、职业 I am a fisherman by trade.就职业而言 They work in the cotton / tourist / shoemaking / jewellery trade. 24. acknowledgeThis is a fact even our enemies abroad have to acknowledge.He is an acknowledged expert on
25、 examination.,25. acquaint: cause to know personally, make familiar with, 使熟悉 You must acquainted yourself with your new duties. be acquainted with I have heard about your friend but I am not acquainted with him. make acquaintance of sb. / make sbs acquaintance Where did you make his acquaintance? V
26、ery pleased to have made your acquaintance. nodding acquaintance / bowing acquaintance 泛泛之交，点头之交 我认识他，但说不上是朋友 He is an acquaintance of mine, but not a friend.,P6 26. soldier: 当兵 27. motley: having or composed of many different or clashing elements 杂乱的 a motley crowd / crew, ie a group of many differ
27、ent types of people 三教九流 T: He tried soldieringdiligently avoided contact with the enemy. 他在南方联邦游击队的一支千方百计避免与敌军交战的杂牌军里待了2个星期。（euphemism） 翻译练习：When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain left the river country. 随着铁路运输的发展，社会上对汽船领航员的需求日渐
28、减少，而内战的爆发又阻碍了商业贸易的发展。,P7 27. succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever : gave way or yielded or submitted to the prevailing gold and silver fever. 屈服、不再抵抗metaphor: The author describes the gold and silver rush as a fever and an epidemic, that is a disease spreading rapidly among many people
29、 in the same area at the same time.1) In the end he succumbed to the temptation.2) The president succumbed to the pressure of his opponents.3) Mrs. Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence.(die of),28. he flirted with the colossal wealth and was rebuffed:He tried but not very hard or persiste
30、ntly enough to get the enormous wealth available to those lucky and persistent（坚持的） ones, and he failed. (metaphor.)colossal: large, tremendousrebuff: refuse unkindly and contemptuously 默然拒绝 cf: refuse He refused / rebuffed the suggestion. He cant refuse (vi.) / *rebuff (vt.) if you ask politely. Pl
31、ease pay attention that words like flirt, lucky, persistent and rebuff are often associated with love.把黄金比作他所追求的女人,flirt a. To behave towards sb as if you find them sexually attrctive, without seriously wanting to have a relationship with them. She flirts with every man in the office. b. If you flir
32、t with the idea of doing or having sth. , you consider doing or having it, without making any definite plans.We flirted with the idea of going abroad but decided against it. 不认真考虑,玩儿似地想做某事,29. to literatures enduring gratitude:to ones surprise/satisfaction/disappointment/delightIf Mark Twain had not
33、 accepted that job offered to him by Territorial Enterprise, literature might have lost that literal giant. Therefore, world literature is forever grateful to this turn of events. endure: continue to exist without any loss in quality or importance 容忍、持续 His fame will endure eternally. enduring memor
34、ies / peace Broke,broken Broken heart, broken home,他乘驿站马车来到西部，在内华达州的华苏地区受到当时正流行的淘金热的诱惑。同那只有既幸运而又锲而不舍的追求者才能取得的巨大财富三心二意地打了八个月交道之后，他遭到了失败。在破产和灰心之余，他接受了为弗吉尼亚市领土开发报当记者的工作，这一行动将获得文学界永久的感激。,30. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen woul
35、d prove mightier than his pickax:He did not succeed in his reporting trade and become rich overnight as a gold miner might have done at that time by discovering a vein of gold. Yet his reporting brought him more money than his unsuccessful mining or prospecting might have.figure of speech: metonymy(
36、转喻) A figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the one thing for that of another. The relation between these two things is such that the mention of one suggests the other.,转喻(Metonymy)是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。转喻又称换喻，或借代。 1. He is th
37、e black sheep in the family. 害群败类、败家子 2. She didnt want to be looked upon as a blue stocking. 才女、女学者 3. Grey hairs should be respected. 4. He is fond of the bottle.,自从他因淘金失败而感到心灰意冷之后，马克吐温便开始努力博取作为一名报社记者和幽默作家的地区性声望。从事新闻报道工作当然不能使他像淘金成功者一样立成巨富，但在挣钱方面他的笔杆却比他的锄镐要有效得多。1864年春季，在他加盟领土开发报还不足两年之时，他又乘驿站马车前往旧金山
38、，那儿在当时和现在都是有前途的年轻作家成长的摇篮。,31. hone: n. a stone used to sharpen knives and toolsv. to sharpen with hone 用磨刀石磨e.g. to hone ones wit 磨练意志 32. scathing columns: severe and harsh articles 文笔尖锐的专栏A column (专栏) is one of a series of feature articles appearing regularly under a fixed title in a newspaper or
39、 magazine, written by a special writer or devoted to a certain subject.cf: columnist (专栏作家),mistreat: 错误地对待，待人不好 treat (a person, animal) badly, cruelly, unfairly) Many more patients die from being mistreated for consumption than from consumption itself. maltreat:虐待，粗暴残酷地对待 treat (a person, animal)
40、cruelly or with violence: Children die from neglect or are maltreated by their carers. ill-treat:多指残酷地对待 We dont ill-treat our captives.,33. be accustomed to: be in the habit of, be used to, be familiar with (+doing/ do) 习惯于 He is accustomed to working hard. You will soon get accustomed to that kind
41、 of thing. He is not accustomed to working under such noisy condition. accustom oneself He has to accustom himself to the cold weather.,34. trend: fashion, tendency Todays trend is toward less formal clothing. Young women are always interested in the trends of fashion. Trend setting 源于习语“set a/the t
42、rend”, 意思是“开风气之先，带领新潮流”,35. for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths :Because all the slow, dull and lazy people stayed at home, hence implying that all those who came pioneering out west were energetic, courageous and reckless(不计后果的)people. 36. get up: arrange , organize or start Who is go
43、ing to get up the concert? The students got up a countrywide campaign in support of the nuclear disarmament.,37. Astound： 使震惊 38. Enterprise： 企业、事业 39. rush through: to complete (a job) hastily 快速通过，仓促完成We will try to rush your order through before Saturday. 40. Reckless: Showing a complete lack of
44、care about danger or about the results of their actions. 鲁莽的、粗心的Many young motorcyclists are very reckless. Recklessness of : 不顾The structure,It was these pioneers that brought California a reputation. California was made famous for organizing surprising businesses and developing them with great bra
45、very and courage, without caring cost or result. And California keeps this fame until now. When she makes plans for a new surprise, the dull, solemn, dignified people in other parts of the States smile as usual and say: “Well, thats typical of California, thats just California style.”,马克吐温磨炼并试验了他的新笔
46、力，但他却因写了一些尖锐的评论文章而被迫暂时离开这座城市。他围绕着虐待华人等一类问题对市政府提出的尖锐批评惹得一些官员大为恼火，因之他只好逃到萨克拉门托山谷的金矿区暂避风头。他对那儿的拓荒者们的描写使西海岸地区富有创新精神的现代人倍感亲切。“这儿的人们真是了不起因为那些笨手笨脚、无精打彩、呆头呆脑的懒汉都呆在家里正是那些人们为加利福尼亚赢得了这样的声誉：当他们着手进行一项宏伟的事业时，他们会不计代价或风险而以一种豪迈的气概和闯劲勇往直前，一千到底。加利福尼亚人至今仍保持着这样的声誉，因而，每当他们发起一项新的惊天动地的壮举时，那些素来稳重的人便会像往常一样微笑着说：看吧，这完全是加利福尼亚的风
47、格。”,P.10,Scattered (分散)among notations about the weather and the tedious（沉闷的） mining-camp meals lies an entry （记录）noting a story he had heard that dayan entry that would determine his course forever. In his notebook, among many notes about the weather and boring meals in the mining camp there was an
48、 item about a story that he had heard that day, which would change his life path forever. 在零零散散的有关天气和乏味单调的矿区饭菜的记录中，有一条叙述了他当天听到的一则故事一条决定了他一生事业的记录。,1864年与1865年之交的那个冬天，马克吐温是在安吉尔斯矿区度过的。在这段沉闷的日子里，他记了一本笔记。在杂乱无章的有关天气情况和乏味无趣的有关矿区饭食情况的记录条目中夹着一条叙述当天听到的一则故事的记录这条记录决定了他一生事业的发展方向：“科尔曼用他的跳蛙与陌生人赌50美元陌生人没有跳蛙，科尔曼去给他弄
49、来一只陌生人利用这段时间将科的跳蛙肚子塞满铅弹，这样，科的跳蛙跳不起来，陌生人的跳蛙便得以获胜。”,P.11celebrated : famous，famed，renowneda celebrated actress, writer, pianist, etc.celebrity: famous personcelebrities of stage and screen 舞台和银幕名人establish：build,经过马克吐温的生花妙笔改写之后，这个故事登在美国各地的报纸上，成了家喻户晓的“卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙”。至此，马克吐温作为“太平洋海岸狂放的幽默大师”的声望已在全国范围内牢固地确立
50、起来了。,P12,Two years later the opportunity came for her to take a distinctly American look at the Old World. 1. distinct: easily heard, seen, or understood 明显的、清楚的、独特的The footprints are quite distinct; they must be fresh.2.The Old World: the Eastern Hemisphere, often used to refer specifically to Europe.The New World: The Western Hemisphere, first used by the Italian historian Peter Martyr (1457-1526), who chronicled the discovery of America.,
