1、Chapter One Introduction to English Rhetoric,English Rhetoric,Page 2,Contents of This Chapter,. About the Course .Definition of Rhetoric .Classification of Rhetoric . Purpose of learning rhetoric . Arrangement and Requirements,Page 3,1. Optional course of English Major 2. Learners: Seniors of Englis
2、h Major 3. Main content:, About the Course,General idea about English rhetorica brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and application Communicative rhetoric the choice of words, the choice of sentences, paragr
3、aph and essay construction Aesthetic rhetoric: figures of speech (phonetic, syntactic, semantic, logic),Page 4,4. Assessment: ExamTotal grades = 20% of Regular Grades + 80%of the Final Exam * Regular Grades consists of 10% of class attendance and 10% of assignments,5. Text Book 胡曙中：现代英语修辞学，上海外语教育出版社
4、，2011年9月第1版 6. Reference Books 黄 任：英语修辞与写作，上海外语教育出版社，1999. 张秀国：英语修辞学，清华大学出版社、北京交通大学出版社，2005 李鑫华：英语修辞格详论，上海外语教育出版社，2000,Page 5,Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it. -Ancient Greek wall inscriptionHistories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy,
5、 deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. -Francis Bacon, Definition of Rhetoric,Page 6,Plato and Aristotle,The study of rhetoric goes back to ancient Greece, when speakers began to practice the art of persuasion in courts of law. The ancients realized that presentation is as importa
6、nt, or perhaps more important, as facts.,Page 7,2.1 Origin of Western Rhetoric,It is said that the “art of rhetoric” originated in Syracuse锡拉库扎(意大利西西里岛东部一港市), a Greek colony on the island of Sicily, in about 465 B.C When the dictators on the island were overthrown and democracy was established, peop
7、le went to court to claim the ownership of the land which had been taken from them during the dictators reign. However, the Greek system required that citizens represent themselves in court instead of hiring attorneys to speak on their behalf as we can today. Therefore, the rhetoric came into being
8、to “make the best possible case and to represent it persuasively to the jury” (Hu Shuzhong, 2011:433). Probate court 遗嘱检验法庭,Page 8,2.2 rhetoric and oratoryOratory: Oratory had been practiced long before the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.the foundation of rheto
9、ricmore than ordinary speech but a special kind of public speaking (a special purpose, a special way, a special time)to impress, convince, or move the audience to actionThey then developed a set of principles for successful communication. These principles make up the art of rhetoric.,Page 9,2.3 Conn
10、otation of rhetoricOver the years the word “rhetoric” has taken on a wide range of meaning. Negative connotations: skillful, but often deceptive, eloquencea fraudulent practice to deal exclusively with language, rather than with ideas,Page 10,Positive connotations:Historically, “rhetoric” had positi
11、ve connotations, suggesting a commendable skill with words. Today rhetoric, as it was in history, is something that people have to resort to.Rhetoric is generally understood as a tool or a method. Its content is more concerned with the Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what peo
12、ple are talking about. As a tool, rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad. A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.,Page 11,Page 12,1. Cold war diplomacy and rhetoric 2. As the clamor for basic skills continue to grow, it may b
13、e time for the fourth RRhetoricto reenter the classroom. 3. Campaign promises have proved to be empty rhetoric. 4. Despite their tough anti-American rhetoric, the government is privately trying to maintain good relations with the U.S. 5. the rhetoric of film,Discuss:Identify the different meanings o
14、f “rhetoric” in the following phrases/sentences:,辞令,修辞学,花言巧语,电影的修辞艺术,言论,Page 13,2.4 Definitions of rhetoricThe word “rhetoric” has been defined differently.a. The study and practice of effective communication. b. The study of the effects of texts on audiences. c. The art of persuasion. d. An insince
15、re eloquence intended to win points and manipulate mnipjuleit others.现代英语修辞学研究的是人类使用符号互相交流的能力，这种能力是人类所持有的，人类使用符号来构建自己的世界，来认识自我，来和其他人一起互动，使生活更有意义。,Page 14,通过对语言材料的选择、调整、修饰，使语言美化，更好地交流思想，表情达意。所谓“调整”，主要指依据题旨(subject) 情境 (occasion / context)的需要，对词语、句式、段落篇章作恰当地选择和安排；所谓“修饰”，主要指恰当地选择一些修辞手段、修辞方法，增强语言表达的艺术效能
16、。调整的目的，就是要求语言准确、鲜明，没有丝毫的模糊，也没有丝毫的歧义，使人家清楚、明白。- 杨鸿儒当代中国修辞学,Page 15,“Rhetoric is the art of ruling the minds of men.“ (Plato) “Rhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.“ (Aristotle, Rhetoric)“Rhetoric is the art of speaking well.“ (Quintil
17、ian) eloquence to persuade their fellows of the truth of what they had discovered by reason (Cicero) “Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.“ (Francis Bacon),读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人周密，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人有修养，逻
18、辑修辞使人善辩.,一种能在任何一个问题上找出可能说服方式的功能。,Definitions in the past,Page 16,Definitions in dictionaries published in the twentieth century,“the art of using language so as to persuade or influence others; the body of rules to be observed by a speaker or writer in order that he may express himself with eloquenc
19、e”The Oxford English Dictionary, 1933 “the art or science of using words effectively in speaking or writing, especially of literary composition”Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language, 1972 “the art of persuasive or impressive speaking or writing; language designed to persuade or impr
20、ess (but perhaps insincere or exaggerated)”The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1982 “language used to persuade or influence people, especially by politicians; the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people”Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1995,Page 17, Classifications of rhetor
21、ic,（1）Theoretical rhetoric（理论修辞） and practical rhetoric（实践修辞）:Theoretical rhetoric deals with theoretical problems of rhetoric;Practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively. （2） Communicative rhetoric（交际修辞） and aesthetic rhetoric（美学修辞）,Page 18,Communicative
22、rhetoric : （passive rhetoric)Emphasizes the choice of words and phrases, and selection of sentence patterns, organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed more clearly, more accurately and more appropriately and the best results are achieved in communicatio
23、n. Rhetoric of words(the choice of words); Rhetoric of sentence(the choice of sentences); Rhetoric of paragraphs(the arrangement of paragraphs ); Rhetoric of discouse(the discursive(推论的，论证的)patterns),Page 19,E.g. a:她的耳朵上戴着两只金色的大耳环。b:她的耳朵上吊着两只金色的大耳环。c:她的耳朵上挂着两只金色的大耳环。d:她的耳朵上缀着两只金色的大耳环。e:她的耳朵上镶着两只金色的大
24、耳环。f:她的耳朵上摇着两只金色的大耳环。,We are very busy and have to be on time by taking school bus every day. We are awfully busy and have to be punctuate by shuttle bus every day. We are as busy as bees, and have to be accurate like a space shuttle as commuters every day.,Page 20,例如：在Elizabeth Razzi写的题为10 Ways to
25、Lose Pounds 的文章中，“减肥”的表达竟有8种，文笔活泼，文采灿然： 1. Try to shed a few extra pounds? 2. Studies show these efforts may shave off the pounds quickly. 3. Here are ten simple strategies that can help melt away your fat forever. 4. like a logical way to peel off a few pounds. 5. roughly the amount needed to burn
26、off one pound. 6. You must eat less to lose weight. 7. A key obstacle to dropping extra pounds is after-dinner snacking. 8. 10 Ways to Lose Pounds. 以上8句中的斜体字让我们欣赏了英语词汇的活力与风采。,Page 21,One more example,English offers a fascinating variety of words for many activities and interests. When we say a man i
27、s walking, we can also say that a man is marching, pacing, patrolling, stalking, striding, treading, tramping, stepping out, prancing, strutting, prowling, plodding, strolling, shuffling, staggering, sidling, trudging, toddling, rambling, roaming, sauntering, meandering, lounging, loitering, or cree
28、ping. But each of them conveys to us a slightly different meaning. No matter which word we use, it should match our thought and suit to the occasion.,Page 22,stalk: 高视阔步, 大踏步走 stride:大踏步走; 跨过 tread: 步行于, 在上走; 踩(烂), 践踏 trudge trd :v. 沉重地走,蹒跚地走 prance pr:ns v. 腾跃, 欢跃, 昂首阔步 shuffle fl :拖曳,慢吞吞地走 Sidle s
29、aidl : v. (偷偷地)侧身而行 saunter s:nt : v. 闲逛,漫步 lounge laund : v. 闲荡,懒洋洋地躺卧 loiter lit : v. 闲荡,虚度,徘徊 creep kri:p :v. 爬,徐行,蠕动,Page 23,Aesthetic rhetoric: (active rhetoric)Figures of speech Phonetic figures of speech (sounds);Syntactic figures of speech (structures);Semantic figures of speech (meanings)Lo
30、gical figures of speech (reason),Alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia,Repetition, anaphora, parallelism, antithesis, Climax, anticlimax, rhetorical question, ,Simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, ,Allegory, allusion, hyperbole, understatement, Irony, oxymoron, ,Page 24,Communicative
31、rhetoricconcise (简洁) clear (清楚) precise / exact (精确) coherent (流畅) expressive (富于表现力),Aesthetic rhetoricvivid (生动)-To form a picture in your mind. colorful expressive,Page 25,有学者指出：修辞与语法、逻辑的关系：语法研究语言的结构规律；逻辑研究思维形式和思维规律；修辞研究如何根据需要有效地使用语言，强化语言信息、提升语言感染力、增强语言表达效果的一种艺术，一种说话、写文章得体、优美、有效的“美言术”。也就是说：语法管的是“
32、通不通”，逻辑管的是 “对不对”，修辞学管的是“好不好”。,Rhetoric、Grammar and Logic,Page 26, Purpose of learning rhetoric,To improve our ability to polish our writing. Best choice of words Best choice of sentence constructions Appropriate use of figures of speech 2) To improve our ability of analysis and appreciation.3) To im
33、prove our ability of comprehension and translation.4) To improve our flexible ability by rhetorical transformation.,Page 27,Example,A invites B out to dinner, but B cant make it because he has another engagement. What would B say? Here are two versions:,(1) “Im sorry I cant. I have no time. Im engag
34、ed.”(2) “Thats very kind of you, but Im afraid I cant make it because I have another engagement. Thank you all the same.”,Page 28, Arrangement and Requirements,Schedule (6 weeks)Introduction (2 credit hours)Development of Rhetoric (2 credit hours)Communicative Rhetoric (2 credit hours)Aesthetic Rhet
35、oric (4 credit hours)Revision (2 credit hours) Class attendance and participation Note-taking,Page 29,Assignment Suppose you need to write two letters of thanks, one of which is to an old friend, the other to a new business partner. You may compose the bodies of your letters as follows: (1) “Im writ
36、ing to thank you for your hospitality during my recent trip to Milan. I had a most enjoyable time and I think our meetings were very successful. I look forward to seeing you when you visit Shanghai in May.” (2) “This is just a short note to thank you for a very pleasant evening while I was in Florence. It is always good to see old friends again and it was interesting to hear your arrival. Hope we can meet for lunch.”Try to comment on above two letters.,
