1、一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf贝奥武甫 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻metaphor 手法 3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法） 例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)
2、盎格鲁诺曼时期 1、 romance 传奇文学 2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、 heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事集 (英国
3、文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life andsocial groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点
4、，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed Ballads are anonymous narrative songs
5、 that have been preserved by oral transmission 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯珀西主教 代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 侠盗罗宾汉和阿林代尔 四、The Renaissance (16 世纪 ) 文艺复兴时期 （Greek and Roman） 戏剧drama The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sc
6、iences. 文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。 The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。 1、 key word: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement 2、代表人物： 1)、 Thomas More 托马斯莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦 2)、 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist) 3)、Thomas Wyatt
7、托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人 sonnet(十四行诗 )： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵)in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞 poets poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem 史诗) 5)、 Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗马洛 blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。 6)、William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚 戏剧 drama 四大悲剧：H
8、amlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗) ，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白) 五、The period of Revolution and Restoration (17 世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟 1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒)believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 3 清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。 2、代表人物：
9、 1)、 John Donne 约翰多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物 sonnet 十四行诗 “ Death be not proud” 代表作品：The Flea跳蚤 2)、John Milton 约翰弥尔顿a great poet 诗人 （ poem 诗歌 blank verse ） Defense for the English People为英国人民辩护 Paradise Lost失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人 Paradise Regained复乐园3)、John Bunyan 约翰拜扬 a great p
10、rose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”The Pilgrims Progress天路历程 该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式 ), medieval form of allegory(寓言)and dream” 六、The Age of Enlightenment (18 世纪) 启蒙运动also known as “the Age of Reason”1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose lik
11、e Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。 The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. 启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human na
12、ture, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment. 启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。 Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insuffici
13、ent, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. 无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。 2、18th century 文学的三个方面： Neo-Classicism(新古典主义 )、Sentimentalism(伤感主义)、Pre-romanticism (前浪漫主义诗歌) 、beginning of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说) 、drama(
14、戏剧) 3、代表人物： 1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说 Novel：” Robinson Crusoe”鲁宾逊漂流记 ” The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling”弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him 2)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特 ” Gullivers Travels”格列佛游记 novel 反讽 作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restra
15、ined, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculous gets the better of him. 努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。 ” A Modest Proposal”一个温和的建议 猛烈地抨击了压迫爱尔兰人民的统治 4)、 Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔 理查森 ” Pamela”帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the for
16、m of letters 书信体小说 5)、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德B.谢里丹 ”School for Scandal”造谣学校 ，喜剧 comedy 6)、Oliver Goldsmiths 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist ” The Vicar of Wakefield”威克菲尔德的牧师 ，小说 novel 4 ” She Stoops to Conquer”委曲求全 ，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy ”The Deserted Village”荒村 ，诗歌 poems 4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没
17、有信仰 The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。 代表人物：Thomas Gray
18、 托马斯.格雷 “ Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard”墓园挽歌七、The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义 1、前浪漫主义代表人物：1)William Blake 威廉布莱克 诗人 poet 代表作品：诗集天真之歌Songs of Innocence: The Lamb, The Chimney Sweeper1789 诗集经验之歌Songs of Experience: The Tiger, London, The Chimney Sweeper1794 2)Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet
19、 代表作品：A Red, Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰 、My Hearts on the Highland我的心在高原 、 友谊地久天长 （Auld Lang Syne） 。 Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。 2、教育意义 Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱 3、开始的标志：beginning with the publi
20、cation of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridges “Lyrical Ballads” 从威廉.华兹华斯和柯勒律治一起发表的抒情歌谣集开始4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey 骚塞 5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯 poet-laureate (桂冠诗人 ) “The Prelude”序曲 自传性诗歌 Autobiographical poetry 作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fight
21、ing against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 简单而纯洁的语言, 反传统形式的 18 世纪诗歌 2)、S. T. Coleridge 柯勒律治Demonic poems 魔幻诗 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏 、Kubla Khan忽必烈汗Christabel克里斯塔贝尔 作品特点：unusual and supernatural things 不寻常和超自然的事物 3)、Lord Byron拜伦 “ Childe Harold Pilgrimage”恰尔德哈罗德游记 成名作
22、 “ Don Juan”唐璜satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 4)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 “ Prometheus Unbound” 解放了的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 “ Ode to the West Wind”西风颂 poem 诗 5)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 “ The Eve of St. Agnes”圣阿格尼斯之夜 poem “ On a Grecian Urn”希腊古瓮颂 poem “ To a Nightingale”夜莺颂poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则 6)、W
23、alter Scott 沃尔特司各特He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是历史小说的创造者和大师 作品：Ivanhoe 艾凡赫 、The Lady of The Lake湖上夫人 7)、Jane Austen 简奥斯丁女 “ Pride and Prejudice”傲慢与偏见 “ Sense and Sensibility”理智与情感“ Emma”爱玛 写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is
24、subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人。 6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyda
25、y life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the 5 nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定 八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 1、意义：Chartism signified
26、 the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。 2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔 一部半自传体著作 “ Hard Times”艰难时世 “ Pickwick Papers”匹克威克外传 “ Oliver Twist”雾都孤儿 “ A Tale of Two Cities” 双城记( 描述了法国大革命 French Revolution)特点：describing th
27、e misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。 2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛蒂勃郎特 女 “ Shirley”雪利 “ Jane Eyre”简爱 ，Emily Bronte 艾米丽勃郎特” Wuthering Heights”呼啸山庄 （主人公：Mr. Heathcliff 希斯克利夫） ，Ann Bronte 安勃朗特 Agnes Grey安格尼斯格雷 特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner l
28、ife of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone. 3)、 Mrs. Gaskell 盖斯凯尔夫人 “ Mary Barton玛丽巴顿, North and South”， 北方和南方 4)、 William Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷 “Vanity Fair”名利场 this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama
29、of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义 人物：Rebecca Sharp 瑞贝卡夏泼a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财
30、富和地位的手段。 特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。 5)、George Eliot 乔治. 艾略特 女 “Adam Bede”亚当比德novel “ The Mill on the Floss” 弗洛斯河上的磨房 、 ”Middlemarch” 米徳尔马契Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the i
31、ndividual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。 特点：the significance of G. Eliots work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。 6)、Thomas Hardy 哈代 悲观主义者 Pessimist
32、“Tess of the DUrbervilles”徳伯家的苔丝“Jude the obscure”无名的裘德novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。 7)、Aestheticism 唯美主义 Oscar Wilde “art for arts sake” 为艺术而艺术 唯一一部小说道林格雷的画像The Picture of Dorian Gray, 代表作：认真的重要Th
33、e Importance of Being Earnest 3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)： 1)、Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德丁尼生 多佛海滩Dover Beach 2)、Robert Browning “ My last duchess”已故的公爵夫人 、 The Ring and the Book指环和书贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 九、20th century in English literature before WW 二战前 20 世纪英国文学 1) George Bernard Shaw 剧作家 (playwright) “ Mrs. Warrens profession”华莱夫人的职业 、Pygmalion 喜剧皮格马利翁 （好莱坞据此翻拍的 My Fair Lady窈窕淑女说话不饶人的语言学家与友人打
