1、Conversion,By conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. In practical translation work, words in the original, if necessary, may be turned into words iden
2、tical in meaning but different in part of speech in the target text.Change of word class 词类转换法Conversion between Noun & VerbConversion between Adjective & VerbConversion between Verb & Preposition/Adverb Conversion between Adjective & Adverb,Conversion between Noun & Verb,The cultivation of a hobby
3、and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. 因此，对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲，培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式，乃是至关重要的对策。The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain. 炎症的特点是红肿热痛。该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine work
4、manship and durability.这些学生对老师的态度很恭敬。The students behaved respectfully towards their teacher.,“印象” “态度” “特点”这些概念在汉语中只能用名词来表达，然而在英语中则常常可用动词来表达。林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片焚毁了。Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the opium trade must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.绝对不允许违反这个原则。 No
5、violation of this principle can be tolerated.英语通常被看成是一种“名词化”（nominalization) 语言。名词化成为讲英语的人使用的最灵活的、最有创造性的语言手段。从结构上说，名词化指的是把动词或形容词通过一定的方式如加缀等转化为名词的语法过程。名词化是科技英语和其他正式语体的一大特征，因为这些语体需要涉及到抽象的概念。 - 厦门大学博士生导师杨信彰教授This paper analyzes the problem and solves it.This paper gives an analysis of the problem and o
6、ffers a solution.,Conversion between Adj & Verb,She was gazing across the sea, apparently ignorant of him. 她在眺望大海，显然没有看见他。But this very formulation is indicative of the underlying attitude.但这一说法本身已表明其根本态度。获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an ear
7、thquake.They were news-hungry/job-hungry. 他们迫切地想得到消息/工作。英语中一些表示情感、心态的形容词用作表语时，常常可转换成动词。汉语中一些表示知觉、情感等心理状态的动词，往往可以转换成“be+形容词”的结构来表达。,Conversion between Verb & Prep / Adv,我们全体赞成他的建议。 We were all in favour of his suggestion.他们不顾一切困难挫折，坚持战斗。They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.
8、The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.红军顶着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。It is our sacred duty to support their just struggle for national liberation.支持他们争取民族解放的正义斗争是我们神圣的职责。英语中的介词尤其丰富，一些介词，尤其是那些具有动词意义的介词或介词词组，在汉译时可转换为动词。,他们的实验已经结束了。Their experiment has been over.我们得走了。We must be off now.演出已经开始了。
9、The performance is on.汉语中大量使用的动词，其中一部分可适当转为副词，这样一来，动作的意味就大大削弱了。,Conversion between Adj & Adv,Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. 他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。The girl impressed her fianc s relatives favorably with her vivacity and sense of humor.这个女孩以她的活泼和幽默感给她未婚夫的亲戚们留下了极好的印象。,Negat
10、ion,Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions “正说反译反说正译”法There are affirmative and negative expressions both in English and in Chinese. Some English words, phrases or sentences of affirmative expressions may be transformed into Chinese words, phrases or sentences of negative expr
11、essions, or vice versa. Negative expressions in both languages: English: no, not, never, non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-, -less, etcChinese: 不, 没, 非,未, 否,无, 莫, 勿, 别, etc.,Transformation from Affirmative to Negative,WordVerbHis hint escaped me. 他的暗示没有引起我的注意.If the weather holds a couple of days, the plane
12、will take off.要是天气三两天内保持不变,飞机就起飞.Such a chance was denied me.我没有得到这样一个机会。AdverbWe may safely say so.我们这样说万无一失。The subversion attempts proved predictably futile.不出所料，颠覆活动证明无效。,Adjective Wet paint.油漆未干。Keep quiet.请勿喧闹。It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out.甚至只要有一点风声泄漏出去，其结果就不
13、堪设想。Her husband hates to see her stony face.他丈夫讨厌看到她那没有表情的脸。,Preposition This problem is above me.这个问题我不懂。It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他无权签订这种合同。But for his help, I should have failed.如果没有他的帮助，我早就失败了。,Conjunction Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom.在他还没来得及阻拦
14、我之前，我已经跑出了教室。在收据尚未签字以前，不得付款。Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid.汉语可以说“在没有以前”， 这种说法在英语中不合乎习惯，译成Before the receipt has not been signed使人无法理解His being surprised at the news is more than I can describe.他对这个消息的震惊是远非我所能形容的。But that I saw it, he would have been drowned.要不是我看见，他已经
15、被淹死。,Phrase The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.岛民们发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do.菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。A wise man is superior to flattery.明智的人是不会被阿谀奉承左右的。Clauses or sentencesHe was 75, but he carried his years lightly.
16、他七十五岁了，可是并不显老。王同志这几年一直是全勤。Comrade Wang has never missed a days work for years.,Transformation from Negative into Affirmative,俗话说，男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处。As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt”.The thought of returning to his motherland never deserted him.返回祖国的念头始终萦绕在他心头。You cant be too careful
17、with your work.工作中越仔细越好。,Change of Voice,It is universally acknowledged that there are two kinds of voices: active and passive. The passive voice is much less used in Chinese than in English.英语中被动态用得较多，而汉语中被动态则用得相对较少，因此英译汉时被动语态常常可转换为主动语态，当然有时也可保留其被动态。,Passive voice into active voice,Heat is constant
18、ly produced by the body as a result of muscular and cellular activity.由于肌肉和细胞的活动，身体不断地产生热。 The speed of molecules is accelerated when they are heated.当分子受热时速度就会加快。Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed from one form into another.每时每刻都有能量在由一种形式变成另一种形式。,Recently, a new kind of steel ha
19、s been developed in our country.最近我国研制出了一种新钢材。The result of the invention of the steam engine is that human power was replaced by mechanical power.蒸气机发明的结果是，机械动力代替了人力。The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park.旧金山大学座落在金门公园附近。,Active voice into Passive voice,Compasses found
20、wide application in navigation. 指南针在航海中被广泛应用。His acceptance into the Party is a quite natural thing.他被吸收到党内是完全应该的。His dismissal turned out to be a blessing in disguise.他被解雇反而证明是一件好事。有很多英语句子在形式上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的,翻译时可把这样的句子译成被动句。,Shift of Perspective,English and Chinese differ in narrative perspective.
21、Therefore, a narrative perspective sometimes has to be changed to make the version more clear and natural.Shift of perspective refers to change of the original perspective by conveying the message from a different , or even opposite angle in the translation work, so as to conform to the target langu
22、age 由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同，翻译时常常有必要转换角度，才能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。翻译中的视角转换是指改变原文的叙述角度，并根据译入语的表达习惯，在进行翻译时从不同甚至相反的角度来传达相同的含义。,She has been a widow only for six months.她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。她只当了6个月的寡妇。(她很快就改嫁了。)The darkness was thinning, but the street was still dimly lighted.黑暗渐渐减弱，但大街上还被昏暗的灯光照耀。天色渐渐放亮，但是昏暗的街灯还没灭。With the he
23、lp of a man whose sons life he had saved, Edison became a telegrapher.爱迪生曾救过一个男孩的生命，在他父亲的帮助下，爱迪生当了一名报务员。,-Is there a special rate by the month?-Yes, there is a 10% discount.-按月计算有什么优惠吗？-有，可以打9折。25% discount75折His understanding is only skin-deep.他的理解很肤浅。,小结,由于地域、文化、思维等诸多方面的差异，英语民族观察、认识事物的角度和方式有别于中国人，
24、在翻译时，如果片面追求直译以保留原文的表达方式，必然会使译文晦涩难懂，甚至影响对原文信息的传达。,Inversion,Each language has its own peculiarities in word order. The natural order in English may mean the inverted order in Chinese.Put it more clearly, inversion, as one of the translation techniques, means the necessary or even inevitable change of
25、 word-order in a sentence according to the usage of the language to be translated into. This change of word-order is necessary because, first of all, each language has its own natural word order and its own peculiarities in word order, secondly, inversion, as a stylistic device, is often used for em
26、phasis.Change of word-order,Coordinate Noun Phrase,友谊爱情love and friendship我的父母my mother and father 钢铁工业the iron and steel industry血肉 flesh and blood,Attribute,联合国秘书长Secretary General of the U.N. 中国著名通俗小说作家 a famous Chinese writer of popular fiction到场的来宾中还有一些外宾。The guests present included some foreig
27、n visitors.那是今天该付的帐单。 That is a bill due today.我们已经试过各种可能的办法了。We have tried every way possible. -ible和-able结尾的形容词用作定语，一般要后置，如the material available,Adverbial,He lives at 195 West Lake Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.他家住浙江杭州西湖路195号。He drinks half a bottle of beer with each of his meals.每餐他都要喝半瓶啤酒。We ate to
28、our hearts content at her home last Sunday.我们上星期天在她家尽情地吃了一顿。He is not happy, though he is rich.他虽富有，但不幸福。,小结,“inversion” 作为一种翻译技巧，其意思为，翻译时对词序作必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。“inversion” 不能译成“倒译” 、“倒译法” 或“颠倒词序”之类，否则容易和语法中的“倒装”概念相混淆。语法倒装一般是指主语与谓语的一部分颠倒位置，而翻译中的”inversion“是指译文与原文相比，词序发生了变化，故应译为词序/语序调整法。,Pract
29、ice,他的讲演给听众的印象很深。我们决不满足于现有的成就。他可晓得他儿子的行为表现吗？Ignorance of the law excuses no man.Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.I am wiser than to believe that.Dont lose time in posting this letter.I was sitting behind a glass of beer.,我们将紧紧地依靠全党同志和全国各族人民，认真地落实党的十七大提出的各项任务，决不
30、辜负全党同志的重托和全国各族人民的期望。我们一定自觉坚持科学执政、民主执政、依法执政，坚决做到清正廉洁、克己奉公，不断提高领导水平和执政能力，努力保持和发展党的先进性，使我们党始终走在时代前列。,Translation for reference,他的讲演给听众的印象很深。His speech impressed the audience deeply.我们决不满足于现有的成就。We are not content with our present achievements.他可晓得他儿子的行为表现吗？Is he aware how his son has been behaving?Igno
31、rance of the law excuses no man.谁也不能以不懂法律为借口来原谅自己。Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.数以百万的山区人民最终摆脱了贫困。,I am wiser than to believe that.我不至于相信那。Dont lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。I was sitting behind a glass of beer.我坐在那里，面前摆着一杯啤酒。我坐在一杯啤酒后面。,我们将紧紧地依靠全
32、党同志和全国各族人民，认真地落实党的十七大提出的各项任务，决不辜负全党同志的重托和全国各族人民的期望。We will rely firmly on all other Party members and the people of all ethnic groups, and earnestly accomplish the tasks set at the 17th Congress, and we will do our best to be worthy of the great trust the entire membership have placed in us and to l
33、ive up to the expectations of the people of all ethnic groups, Hu said.,我们一定自觉坚持科学执政、民主执政、依法执政，坚决做到清正廉洁、克己奉公，不断提高领导水平和执政能力，努力保持和发展党的先进性，使我们党始终走在时代前列。He said, We will conscientiously adhere to scientific, democratic and law-based governance, never fail to uphold integrity and work selflessly for public interests, continue to improve our art of leadership and governance capability, and strive to preserve and develop the Partys vanguard nature to ensure that it is always in the forefront of the times.,
