1、Proposal (in general) Its a document that offers a solution to a problem or a course of action in response to a need. The general purpose of any proposal is to convince the readers to do something, whether it is to convince a potential customer to purchase goods and/or services, or to convince your
2、employer to fund a project or to implement a program that you would like to launch. proposals come in many forms. There are informal and formal proposals, as well as solicited and unsolicited proposals. No matter what type, a proposal usually is meant to inform the reader of a problem or need, offer
3、 a solution, and give a broad overview of how the proposed solution will work, how much it will take time and how much it will cost .1 Informal proposals: can be quite brief and be used as a follow-up to a business or staff meeting. They usually reiterate what was learned or uncovered in the meeting
4、 and list an overview of pricing or a detailed outline of the solution. Formal proposals: typically have cover letters, research and numbers or charts, outlined details of all the major phases, schedules, organizational duties, and a cost breakdown of all components. They also typically have a descr
5、iption of the proposing companys or persons services, a resume, list of past projects, and anything else that would prove qualifications.2 A solicited proposal: usually is a response to a request for proposal (RFP). Whether it is a company that needs a service or a department that is adding a new pr
6、ogram, these types of requests typically are quite common and require a written document to place a bid or submit an idea for a project. They usually respond to the identified problem or requested client specifications with pricing information, a specific description of the solution, an outlined pla
7、n of how it will be accomplished, and what makes it the best solution. These types of proposals generally must be competitive, as there can be many submissions offering different solutions.3Unsolicited proposals: typically are used to gain potential customer interest by outlining a companys service
8、or product. Also, they can be used as a form of introduction, or as a way to get in front of the prospective customer. They typically are without many details, as they often are completed with little knowledge of the specific needs or problems of the customer.4Writing a proposal usually is a key ste
9、p in most business processes. It typically follows a common format with an introduction outlining the problem, a body section detailing the solution, and a conclusion emphasizing the benefits and next steps. The more formal types typically have cover letters, and divide the middle sections into stat
10、ement of work sections, complete detailed budgets, workflow, and schedules, as well as research with cost analysis, methodology, and evaluation processes.5A great proposal can be critical in winning a project, while a poor one can cause you to lose a project, even if everything else in the sales pro
11、cess has gone perfectly.Proposals do not succeed on the strength of a name or as a result of flashy rhetoric. Rather, successful proposals demonstrate that you understand the scope of the problem (its background, theory, and application) and, furthermore, that you have developed a valid and well-foc
12、used approach for reaching proposed objectives. 6Good proposals quickly and easily answer the following questions: What do you want to do, how much will it cost, and how much time will it take? How does the proposed project relate to the sponsors interests? What difference will the project make to:
13、your university, your students, your discipline, the nation, the world, or whatever the appropriate categories are? What has already been done in the area of your project? How do you plan to do it? How will the results be evaluated? Why should you, rather than someone else, do this project?7Proposal
14、 (Research article) Its a document written by a researcher that presents and justifies a detailed description of a research idea . It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project. It would analyzes and synthesizes the exist
15、ing research about a particular topic and describes the writers own idea for a new study, based on the assessment of gaps or problems in the research literature. One of the most important parts of our application form is the Research Proposal section. Although you are not expected to have your whole
16、 research( thesis or paper) planned at this stage, it is important to prepare an outline proposal as a way of helping you to articulate your knowledge and ideas. 8 Research proposals are written for various reasons:It would be for requesting a budget (grant) for the research they describe.Certificat
17、ion requirements for research (as from an institutional review board committee if the experiment is to be done on human beings or animals protected by any laws). as a task in tertiary education (e.g., before performing research for a post graduate study, thesis, dissertation).or as a condition for e
18、mployment at a research institution (which usually requires sponsor-approved research proposals). 9Answer the following questions before starting to work on the proposal: Are you familiar with other research in related areas? Do you have clear understanding of the project? Do you have the ability to
19、 go through the steps and complete the project? Do you have the motivation to go through ALL the steps? YES to all the questions means you are ready to write your research proposal!10The Research Proposal should include the following:Reason for selection of research area: You should briefly give you
20、r personal reasons for choosing the topic and undertaking a research degree. Why do you think that you are particularly qualified and motivated to investigate this area? How does it relate to any previous experience you have in this field?Proposed problem, hypothesis or question: This states what th
21、e thesis will deal with. If hypotheses are appropriate, they should be stated. If the topic is not amenable to statement as a hypothesis, then the problem or question should be clearly stated.11Importance of research: this concerns whether the research is sufficiently important of significant to jus
22、tify your efforts. If there is some statement by an authority as to the need for the research, or if it can be demonstrated that the research is useful in the context of a major business/management problem, then these or other appropriate reasons should be stated in a short paragraph. The proposed t
23、hesis need not be world-changing, but no thesis should deal with a minor or inconsequential topic. Indeed, it must make a contribution to existing knowledge and debates.Significant prior research: This essentially discusses the major existing research in the area. It need not be exhaustive, but you
24、should make an investigation to demonstrate your understanding of the issues and of significant existing studies.12Possible research approach or methodology: This aspect of the proposal is extremely important because it outlines broadly how you intend to approach the research itself. Is it to be via
25、 questionnaire, simulation, re-examining existing literature, an algorithm, or how else? This should be described and, most importantly, explained as precisely as possible, but may still be in a tentative/rough form. Alternative methodologies which you are considering should also be included. Consid
26、eration should also be given as to what is achievable within the time available.Potential outcomes and their importance: The contents of this section are vital to any assessment of the thesis proposal. In short, you should explain your current expectations for the outcome of the study, in terms of insights, knowledge, debates and policy/practice implications for example.13
