1、Thomas Hardy (1840-1928),English poet and novelist, famous for his depictions of the imaginary country “Wessex”. Hardys works reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.,09英本6 马晓萌 82,Contents,Brief Introduction Major Works Tess of the DUrbervilles,Born: 2 June 1840 Died: 11 J
2、anuary 1928 Occupation : architect writer (Naturalist, Novelist, Poet, and Short Story writer) a famous critical realistic writer the last important novelist of the Victorian age,At the age of 16, he became apprenticed to a local architect, but he gave up architecture in 1874. Because of marriage, h
3、e began to write poems and novels, which idealized the rural life. Tess(1891) and Jude(1896) shocked British pruderies and Hardy was terribly abused for being “filthy”. Hardy announced in 1896 that Jude was his last novel, and turned with relief to the writing of poetry. Hardys final years were full
4、 of honors. He died in 1928.,Because most of Hardys novels take place in the “partly-real, partly-dream“ county of Wessex (named after the Anglo-Saxon kingdom which existed in the area), his novels were called Wessex Novel(威塞克斯小说）. the evolution of Wessex the English society in the 19th century, lov
5、e for his hometown , his individual philosophy.,Hardys work as an architect,In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Lavinia Gifford, whom he married in 1874. Although he later became estranged from his wife, who died i
6、n 1912, her death had a traumatic effect on him. After her death, Hardy made a trip to Cornwall to revisit places linked with their courtship, and his Poems 1912-13 reflect upon her passing.In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior. However, he remained
7、 preoccupied with his first wifes death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry,Hardys First Wife,Emma Gifford : a woman of high social status. She had a very interesting personality and was always remember by visitors to the Hardy household. She died in 1912.,Thomas and Emma Hardy resid
8、ed at Max Gate from 1884 onward.,Desighed by Hardy himself,Second wife Hardys nurse, companion and fan.,In 1914, Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale, who was 39 years his junior.Due to Florences care, Hardy could remain healthy and continue his writing career.,托马斯哈代（18401928）英国诗人、小说家。
9、他是横跨两个世纪的作家，早期和中期的创作以小说为主，继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统；晚年以其出色的诗歌开拓了英国20世纪的文学。 哈代1840年6月2日生于英国西南部的一个小村庄，毗邻多塞特郡大荒原，这里的自然环境日后成了哈代作品的主要背景。他的父亲是石匠，但爱好音乐。父母都重视对哈代的文化教育。1856年哈代离开学校，给一名建筑师当学徒。1862年前往伦敦，任建筑绘图员，并在伦敦大学进修语言，开始文学创作。,哈代的文学生涯开始于诗歌，后因无缘发表，改事小说创作。他的第一部长篇小说计出无奈问世于1871年。成名作是他的第四部小说远离尘嚣（1874）。从此，他放弃建筑职业，致力于小说创作。
10、哈代一生共发表了近20部长篇小说，其中最著名的当推德伯家的苔丝、无名的裘德、还乡和卡斯特桥市长。诗8集，共918首，此外，还有许多以“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说，以及长篇史诗剧列王。 哈代的作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的深刻变化以及人民（尤其是妇女）的悲惨命运，揭露了资产阶级道德、法律和宗教的虚伪性。他的作品承上启下，既继承了英国批判现实主义的优秀传统，也为20世纪的英国文学开拓了道路。,The 1st period: romantic and pastoral Masterpieces: Under the Green Tree Far
11、from the Madding Crowd The 2nd period: the social tragedy of Wessex Masterpieces: The Return of the Native The Mayor of Casterbridge The 3rd period: the pessimistic fate of the villagers in Wessex Masterpieces: Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891) Jude the Obscure (1896),His Major Works,Early works(描写英国农村
12、的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活 ) Under the Greenwood Tree (1872, the 1st novel of country life) 绿荫下 A Pair of Blue Eyes )一双湛蓝的眼睛 (1873) Far from the Madding Crowd (1874, his 1st masterpiece) 远离尘嚣 The turning point: The Return of the Native （1878）还乡的出版确立了哈代作为重要作家的地位，也标志着作者开始转向悲剧题材 The Mayor of Casterbridge（1886） 卡斯特桥
13、市长展示了一场性格悲剧,Short stories Alicias Diary (1887 )A Tragedy Of Two Ambitions (1888) PoetryWessex Poems and Other Verses (1898) Satires of Circumstance (1914) DramaThe Dynasts (verse drama),His Major Works,Hardy himself divided his novels into three groups: 1)Novels of Character & Environment 2)Novels o
14、f Romances & Fantasies 3)Novels of Ingenuity,1.Novels of Character and Environment （性格与环境小说）,The Poor Man and the Lady(1867, unpublished and lost) 穷汉与贵妇人 Under the Greenwood Tree(1872) 绿树荫下 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长 Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891) 德伯家
15、的苔丝 Jude the Obscure(1895) 无名的裘德,He explored tragic characters struggling against their passions & social circumstances & set his fictions in the semi-fictional land of Wessex where he grew up .,This Class is about peoples pursuit to happiness and awareness of their dreams, reflecting the acute conf
16、licts between people and the environment around them.,2.Romances and Fantasies （传奇与幻想小说）,A Pair of Blue Eyes(1873) 一双蓝眼睛 Two on a Tower(1882) 塔里的两个人 The Well-Beloved(1897) (first published as a serial from 1892) 心爱的人 mainly talk about romantic love stories.,3.Novels of Ingenuity （机巧和实验小说 ）,Desperate
17、 Remedies(1871)铤而走险 The Hand of Ethelberta(1876) 埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻 A Laodicean(1881) 冷漠的人,Major works,Under the Greenwood Tree,Far from the Madding Crowd (1874),The Return of the Native (1878),Wessex Tales (1888),The Woodlanders (1887),The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886),Hardys two novels, Tess of the dUrbervil
18、les (1891) and Jude the Obscure (1895) are his last long fiction works. The last novels challenged the sensibilities of Victorian readers with situations that ruffled many a Victorian feather: immoral sex, murder, illegitimate children, and the unmarried living together. Heated debate and criticism
19、over these two books helped Hardy decide that he would rather write poetry. In fact, so stung was he by the criticism of his works that Hardy did not write another novel.,Jude The Obscure,Hardys Jude The Obscure(1895) aroused even more debate. The story dramatized the conflict between carnal and spi
20、ritual life, tracing Jude Fawleys life from his boyhood to his early death. Jude marries Arabella, but deserts her. He falls in love with his cousin, hypersensitive Sue Bridehead, who marries the decaying schoolmaster, Phillotson, in a masochist fit. Jude and Sue obtain divorces, but their life toge
21、ther deteriorates under the pressure of poverty and social disapproval. The eldest son of Jude and Arabella, a grotesque boy nicknamed Father Time, kills their children and himself. Broken by the loss, Sue goes back to Phillotson, and Jude returns to Arabella. Soon thereafter Jude dies,Tess of The D
22、Urbervilles,It came into conflict with Victorian morality. It explored the dark side of his family connections in Berkshire. In the story the poor villager girl Tess Durbeyfield is seduced by the wealthy Alec DUberville. She becomes pregnant but the child dies in infancy. Tess finds work as a dairym
23、aid on a farm and falls in love with Angel Clare, a clergymans son. They marry but when Tess tells Angel about her past, he hypocritically desert her. Tess becomes Alecs mistress. Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but finds her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she
24、is arrested and hanged.,Tess of the DUrbervilles - A Pure Woman,a tragic life about one beautiful and pure girl after disgrace Tess (1891) came into conflict with Victorian morality one of the most influential works of Hardys, a great classic of English literature well received, but heavily criticiz
25、ed,Main characters,Tess,The oldest daughter from a poor family with a noble origin,Alec,Angel,A young man who hates the old family and likes farming,A rich man from a wealthy family who bought the family name dUrbervilles from Tesss family,德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝讲述的是一个纯洁质朴、聪明美丽的农村姑娘被逼得走头无路，终于杀人的故事。小说一开始，苔丝替她父亲
26、赶马车去城里送货，黑夜里她的马车与邮车相撞，把家里的老马弄死了。苔丝闯了大祸，出于一种赎罪心理，来到杜伯维尔家去做工，以贴补家用。杜伯维尔家少爷阿列克在林中将她奸污。苔丝失贞以后，选择离开阿列克，回到家生下了孩子。孩子病死后，她去一家牛奶场做工，认识了安琪儿克莱尔，并与他相爱。新婚之夜，安琪儿了解到苔丝的失贞，便离她而去，远走巴西，苔丝转到另一个农场做工。父亲死后，房东将她家住的房子收回。为了不让家人流落街头，苔丝被迫又回到阿列克身边。安琪儿后来悔悟，突然回来找她，苔丝心情十分痛苦，用刀子将阿列克杀死。小说结束时，苔丝作为杀人犯被处以绞刑。德伯家的苔丝是哈代最著名的小说，小说的女主人公苔丝则是哈代所塑造的最成功的女性形象。,Goodness and Innocence,Loyalty and Persistence,Endurance and Responsibility,Rebellion and Sacrifice,Tess,Tess purity is reflected in her tradition of hard work and selfless sacrifice. Her purity is also reflected in her attitudes towards love.,Thank you!,
