1、Paragraph writing,II. Means to develop a paragraph,1. 列举法(details) 2. 举例法(example) 3. 叙述法(narration) 4. 对比法或比较法(comparison & contrast) 5分类法(classification) 6因果分析法(cause and effect) 7. 定义法(definition) 8. 重复法(repetition),作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，将各种因素一一列出，如原因、症状、优点、缺点、特点等。
2、列举的模式通常是：topic sentence-example 1- example 2- example 3,1列举法(details),常用语列举的过渡词有：to begin with,secondly, besides, lastlyfor one thing, for another., finallyfirst, second, third, moreover,1列举法(details),Eating wild animals gives rise to a lot of negative effects. In the first place, as many wild anima
3、ls carry parasites, when we eat them, the parasites enter our bodies, thus causing a lot of illness. The severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) is a case in point. It was reported that the virus derived from a delicious animal and the disease has claimed thousands of lives throughout the world and
4、brought great damages to peoples properties. In the second place, since animals are an indispensable part of our environment, the extinction of some animals may disturb the natural balance. Last but not the least, eating wild animals is cruel. After all, wild animals are our friends.,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说
5、明主题句的内容。 常用于举例的词语有：to illustrate, an illustration/ an example, for example/ for instance, particularly/ inparticular, such as, like等,2. 举例法(example),There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For anoth
6、er example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable t
7、o them.,Example 1,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中的关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导的结尾句总结全段内容。,Analysis,Books are of various kinds and different contents. We have history books recording past events, geography books dealing with the earth, mathematics bo
8、oks focusing on space and numbers, language books studying the means of communication and literary books reflecting social problems. In a word, we have various books dealing with different things in the world.,Example 2,本段落中，作者成功地运用了有关的实例，很好地围绕着支配思想展开了段落。该段落的主题句是第一句，其中 “various kinds and different c
9、ontents”是支配思想。在段落展开中，作者用了“history books”、“geography books”、“mathematics books”、“language books”和“literary books”五个具体实例，展开了支配思想“of various kinds”。同时，作者又举了五个实例来展开另一个支配思想：“of different contents”。这些不同的内容包括：“dealing with the earth”、“recording past events”、“focusing on space and numbers”、“studying the mea
10、ns of communication”和“reflecting social problems”。,Analysis,Exercise 找出下列段落的主题句、支配思想和扩展段落的句子,In order to prevent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in theatre
11、s, cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not allowed to smoke. Doctors, teachers, government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV p
12、rograms. Also, the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. Only in this way can we effectively reduce the chances of smoking.,Topic sentence：_ The controlling idea：_ Example 1：_ Example 2：_ Example 3：_ Example 4：_,Exercise 1 找出下列段落的主题句、支配思想和扩展段落的句子,In order to p
13、revent non-smokers from being affected, measures must be taken to reduce the chances of smoking. A lot of work can be done concerning this. For example, in some public places, such as in theatres, cinemas, smoking should be forbidden. Even on the train or plane people should not allowed to smoke. Do
14、ctors, teachers, government leaders should take the lead not to smoke. Above all, the harmfulness and dangers caused by smoking should be made known to all through newspapers, broadcast, or TV programs. Also, the growing of tobacco and the production of cigarettes should not be encouraged. Only in t
15、his way can we effectively reduce the chances of smoking.,Exercise 2,There are many kinds of programs on TV that people like to watch. Often, important political and social events can be watched on TV while they are happening. Many people like to watch them. Many people for example, watched the land
16、ing of the astronauts on the moon. A second kind of program that many people like to watch is called a talk show. On this kind of show, one person interviews several famous people. In the conversations, you can learn many interesting things about important people in theatre, politics, sports, and ot
17、her fields. A third kind of program that many people like to watch is a program in a foreign language. There are some TV channels which broadcast all of their programs in Spanish, French, or some other language. These programs are watched by many people who speak those languages. Students who are st
18、udying foreign languages sometimes watch these programs to learn the language better.,Topic sentence：_ The controlling idea：_ Example 1：_ Example 2：_ Example 3：_,Exercise 2,There are many kinds of programs on TV that people like to watch. Often, important political and social events can be watched o
19、n TV while they are happening. Many people like to watch them. Many people for example, watched the landing of the astronauts on the moon. A second kind of program that many people like to watch is called a talk show. On this kind of show, one person interviews several famous people. In the conversa
20、tions, you can learn many interesting things about important people in theatre, politics, sports, and other fields. A third kind of program that many people like to watch is a program in a foreign language. There are some TV channels which broadcast all of their programs in Spanish, French, or some
21、other language. These programs are watched by many people who speak those languages. Students who are studying foreign languages sometimes watch these programs to learn the language better.,使用举例法时需要注意 （1）要精选例子。即要让例子恰如其分，能有力而准确地说明问题。在构思阶段，可以多想出几个例子，然后根据支配思想的要求，选择那些最贴切、最生动和最易于表达清楚的例子来扩展段落。一般来说，每一基本思想举
22、二至三个例子就足够了。 （2）在举出若干实例来支持主题句中的支配思想后，作者可用一句话来概括总结实例所揭示的主题，以期给读者留下更加深刻的印象。,Summary,作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于： 列举法: 侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面； 举例法: 侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。 举例法和列举法可以结合使用：即用举例法来列出例子，用例子充实列举的说明。,Summary,Write a paragraph to develop the topic sentence by providing examples. Notice the controlling idea. Colors can influence our mood.,Assignment,
